PISA 2022 Results (Volume I)

* Caution is required when interpreting estimates because one or more PISA sampling standards were not met (see Reader’s Guide, Annexes A2 and A4).

Note: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

* Caution is required when interpreting estimates because one or more PISA sampling standards were not met (see Reader’s Guide, Annexes A2 and A4).

Note: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

* Caution is required when interpreting estimates because one or more PISA sampling standards were not met (see Reader’s Guide, Annexes A2 and A4).

** Caution is required when comparing estimates based on PISA 2022 with other countries/economies as a strong linkage to the international PISA reading scale could not be established (see Reader's Guide and Annex A4).

Note: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

* Caution is required when interpreting estimates because one or more PISA sampling standards were not met (see Reader’s Guide, Annexes A2 and A4).

** Caution is required when comparing estimates based on PISA 2022 with other countries/economies as a strong linkage to the international PISA reading scale could not be established (see Reader's Guide and Annex A4).

Note: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

* Caution is required when interpreting estimates because one or more PISA sampling standards were not met (see Reader’s Guide, Annexes A2 and A4).

Note: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

* Caution is required when interpreting estimates because one or more PISA sampling standards were not met (see Reader’s Guide, Annexes A2 and A4).

Note: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

* Caution is required when interpreting estimates because one or more PISA sampling standards were not met (see Reader’s Guide, Annexes A2 and A4).

* Caution is required when interpreting estimates because one or more PISA sampling standards were not met (see Reader’s Guide, Annexes A2 and A4).

* Caution is required when interpreting estimates because one or more PISA sampling standards were not met (see Reader’s Guide, Annexes A2 and A4).

** Caution is required when comparing estimates based on PISA 2022 with other countries/economies as a strong linkage to the international PISA reading scale could not be established (see Reader's Guide and Annex A4).

* Caution is required when interpreting estimates because one or more PISA sampling standards were not met (see Reader’s Guide, Annexes A2 and A4).

** Caution is required when comparing estimates based on PISA 2022 with other countries/economies as a strong linkage to the international PISA reading scale could not be established (see Reader's Guide and Annex A4).

* Caution is required when interpreting estimates because one or more PISA sampling standards were not met (see Reader’s Guide, Annexes A2 and A4).

* Caution is required when interpreting estimates because one or more PISA sampling standards were not met (see Reader’s Guide, Annexes A2 and A4).

* Caution is required when interpreting estimates because one or more PISA sampling standards were not met (see Reader’s Guide, Annexes A2 and A4).Note: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

* Caution is required when interpreting estimates because one or more PISA sampling standards were not met (see Reader’s Guide, Annexes A2 and A4).

Note: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

1. ESCS refers to the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status.

2. Resilient students in mathematics are disadvantaged students who scored in the top quarter of performance in mathematics amongst students in their own country.

* Caution is required when interpreting estimates because one or more PISA sampling standards were not met (see Reader’s Guide, Annexes A2 and A4).

Note: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

1. ESCS refers to the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status.

2. Resilient students in mathematics are disadvantaged students who scored in the top quarter of performance in mathematics amongst students in their own country.

* Caution is required when interpreting estimates because one or more PISA sampling standards were not met (see Reader’s Guide, Annexes A2 and A4).

Note: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

* Caution is required when interpreting estimates because one or more PISA sampling standards were not met (see Reader’s Guide, Annexes A2 and A4).

Note: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

* Caution is required when interpreting estimates because one or more PISA sampling standards were not met (see Reader’s Guide, Annexes A2 and A4).

Note: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

* Caution is required when interpreting estimates because one or more PISA sampling standards were not met (see Reader’s Guide, Annexes A2 and A4).

Note: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

* Caution is required when interpreting estimates because one or more PISA sampling standards were not met (see Reader’s Guide, Annexes A2 and A4).

Note: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

* Caution is required when interpreting estimates because one or more PISA sampling standards were not met (see Reader’s Guide, Annexes A2 and A4).

Note: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

* Caution is required when interpreting estimates because one or more PISA sampling standards were not met (see Reader’s Guide, Annexes A2 and A4).

Note: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

1. The average decennial trend is the average change, per 10-year period, between the earliest available measurement in PISA and PISA 2022, calculated by a linear regression. The average decennial trend is only computed for countries with comparable data in more than two PISA assessments, over the period considered.

2. Curvilinear trends in performance are computed only for countries with comparable data in more than four PISA assessments. Curvilinear trends are calculated by a regression of performance over both linear and quadratic (squared) terms of the gap between the year of assessment and 2022. The coefficient for the linear term represents the annual rate of change in 2022, while the coefficient for the quadratic term represents the acceleration or deceleration of the change in performance.

* Caution is required when interpreting estimates because one or more PISA sampling standards were not met (see Reader’s Guide, Annexes A2 and A4).

Notes: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). Costa Rica, Georgia, Malaysia, Malta, Moldova and the United Arab Emirates conducted the PISA 2009 assessment in 2010 as part of PISA 2009+. For Cambodia, Guatemala and Paraguay, results reported under PISA 2018 refer to the results of the PISA for Development assessment, in 2017.

1. The average decennial trend is the average change, per 10-year period, between the earliest available measurement in PISA and PISA 2022, calculated by a linear regression. The average decennial trend is only computed for countries with comparable data in more than two PISA assessments, over the period considered.

2. Curvilinear trends in performance are computed only for countries with comparable data in more than four PISA assessments. Curvilinear trends are calculated by a regression of performance over both linear and quadratic (squared) terms of the gap between the year of assessment and 2022. The coefficient for the linear term represents the annual rate of change in 2022, while the coefficient for the quadratic term represents the acceleration or deceleration of the change in performance.

* Caution is required when interpreting estimates because one or more PISA sampling standards were not met (see Reader’s Guide, Annexes A2 and A4).

Notes: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). Costa Rica, Georgia, Malaysia, Malta, Moldova and the United Arab Emirates conducted the PISA 2009 assessment in 2010 as part of PISA 2009+. For Cambodia, Guatemala and Paraguay, results reported under PISA 2018 refer to the results of the PISA for Development assessment, in 2017.

1. The average decennial trend is the average change, per 10-year period, between the earliest available measurement in PISA and PISA 2022, calculated by a linear regression. The average decennial trend is only computed for countries with comparable data in more than two PISA assessments, over the period considered.

2. Curvilinear trends in performance are computed only for countries with comparable data in more than four PISA assessments. Curvilinear trends are calculated by a regression of performance over both linear and quadratic (squared) terms of the gap between the year of assessment and 2022. The coefficient for the linear term represents the annual rate of change in 2022, while the coefficient for the quadratic term represents the acceleration or deceleration of the change in performance.

* Caution is required when interpreting estimates because one or more PISA sampling standards were not met (see Reader’s Guide, Annexes A2 and A4).

Notes: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). Costa Rica, Georgia, Malaysia, Malta, Moldova and the United Arab Emirates conducted the PISA 2009 assessment in 2010 as part of PISA 2009+. For Cambodia, Guatemala and Paraguay, results reported under PISA 2018 refer to the results of the PISA for Development assessment, in 2017.

1. The average decennial trend is the average change, per 10-year period, between the earliest available measurement in PISA and PISA 2022, calculated by a linear regression. The average decennial trend is only computed for countries with comparable data in more than two PISA assessments, over the period considered. 2. Curvilinear trends in performance are computed only for countries with comparable data in more than four PISA assessments. Curvilinear trends are calculated by a regression of performance over both linear and quadratic (squared) terms of the gap between the year of assessment and 2022. The coefficient for the linear term represents the annual rate of change in 2022, while the coefficient for the quadratic term represents the acceleration or deceleration of the change in performance. * Caution is required when interpreting estimates because one or more PISA sampling standards were not met (see Reader’s Guide, Annexes A2 and A4). Notes: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). Costa Rica, Georgia, Malaysia, Malta, Moldova and the United Arab Emirates conducted the PISA 2009 assessment in 2010 as part of PISA 2009+. For Cambodia, Guatemala and Paraguay, results reported under PISA 2018 refer to the results of the PISA for Development assessment, in 2017.

1. The average decennial trend is the average change, per 10-year period, between the earliest available measurement in PISA and PISA 2022, calculated by a linear regression. The average decennial trend is only computed for countries with comparable data in more than two PISA assessments, over the period considered. 2. Curvilinear trends in performance are computed only for countries with comparable data in more than four PISA assessments. Curvilinear trends are calculated by a regression of performance over both linear and quadratic (squared) terms of the gap between the year of assessment and 2022. The coefficient for the linear term represents the annual rate of change in 2022, while the coefficient for the quadratic term represents the acceleration or deceleration of the change in performance. * Caution is required when interpreting estimates because one or more PISA sampling standards were not met (see Reader’s Guide, Annexes A2 and A4). ** Caution is required when comparing estimates based on PISA 2022 with other countries/economies as a strong linkage to the international PISA reading scale could not be established (see Reader’s Guide and Annex A4). Notes: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). Costa Rica, Georgia, Malaysia, Malta, Moldova and the United Arab Emirates conducted the PISA 2009 assessment in 2010 as part of PISA 2009+. For Cambodia, Guatemala and Paraguay, results reported under PISA 2018 refer to the results of the PISA for Development assessment, in 2017.

1. The average decennial trend is the average change, per 10-year period, between the earliest available measurement in PISA and PISA 2022, calculated by a linear regression. The average decennial trend is only computed for countries with comparable data in more than two PISA assessments, over the period considered. 2. Curvilinear trends in performance are computed only for countries with comparable data in more than four PISA assessments. Curvilinear trends are calculated by a regression of performance over both linear and quadratic (squared) terms of the gap between the year of assessment and 2022. The coefficient for the linear term represents the annual rate of change in 2022, while the coefficient for the quadratic term represents the acceleration or deceleration of the change in performance. * Caution is required when interpreting estimates because one or more PISA sampling standards were not met (see Reader’s Guide, Annexes A2 and A4). ** Caution is required when comparing estimates based on PISA 2022 with other countries/economies as a strong linkage to the international PISA reading scale could not be established (see Reader’s Guide and Annex A4). Notes: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). Costa Rica, Georgia, Malaysia, Malta, Moldova and the United Arab Emirates conducted the PISA 2009 assessment in 2010 as part of PISA 2009+. For Cambodia, Guatemala and Paraguay, results reported under PISA 2018 refer to the results of the PISA for Development assessment, in 2017.

* Caution is required when interpreting estimates because one or more PISA sampling standards were not met (see Reader’s Guide, Annexes A2 and A4). ** Caution is required when comparing estimates based on PISA 2022 with other countries/economies as a strong linkage to the international PISA reading scale could not be established (see Reader’s Guide and Annex A4). 1. The average decennial trend is the average change, per 10-year period, between the earliest available measurement in PISA and PISA 2022, calculated by a linear regression. The average decennial trend is only computed for countries with comparable data in more than two PISA assessments, over the period considered. 2. Curvilinear trends in performance are computed only for countries with comparable data in more than four PISA assessments. Curvilinear trends are calculated by a regression of performance over both linear and quadratic (squared) terms of the gap between the year of assessment and 2022. The coefficient for the linear term represents the annual rate of change in 2022, while the coefficient for the quadratic term represents the acceleration or deceleration of the change in performance. Notes: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). Costa Rica, Georgia, Malaysia, Malta, Moldova and the United Arab Emirates conducted the PISA 2009 assessment in 2010 as part of PISA 2009+. For Cambodia, Guatemala and Paraguay, results reported under PISA 2018 refer to the results of the PISA for Development assessment, in 2017.

1. The average decennial trend is the average change, per 10-year period, between the earliest available measurement in PISA and PISA 2022, calculated by a linear regression. The average decennial trend is only computed for countries with comparable data in more than two PISA assessments, over the period considered. 2. Curvilinear trends in performance are computed only for countries with comparable data in more than four PISA assessments. Curvilinear trends are calculated by a regression of performance over both linear and quadratic (squared) terms of the gap between the year of assessment and 2022. The coefficient for the linear term represents the annual rate of change in 2022, while the coefficient for the quadratic term represents the acceleration or deceleration of the change in performance. * Caution is required when interpreting estimates because one or more PISA sampling standards were not met (see Reader’s Guide, Annexes A2 and A4). ** Caution is required when comparing estimates based on PISA 2022 with other countries/economies as a strong linkage to the international PISA reading scale could not be established (see Reader’s Guide and Annex A4). Notes: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). Costa Rica, Georgia, Malaysia, Malta, Moldova and the United Arab Emirates conducted the PISA 2009 assessment in 2010 as part of PISA 2009+. For Cambodia, Guatemala and Paraguay, results reported under PISA 2018 refer to the results of the PISA for Development assessment, in 2017.

* Caution is required when interpreting estimates because one or more PISA sampling standards were not met (see Reader’s Guide, Annexes A2 and A4). ** Caution is required when comparing estimates based on PISA 2022 with other countries/economies as a strong linkage to the international PISA reading scale could not be established (see Reader’s Guide and Annex A4). 1. The average decennial trend is the average change, per 10-year period, between the earliest available measurement in PISA and PISA 2022, calculated by a linear regression. The average decennial trend is only computed for countries with comparable data in more than two PISA assessments, over the period considered. 2. Curvilinear trends in performance are computed only for countries with comparable data in more than four PISA assessments. Curvilinear trends are calculated by a regression of performance over both linear and quadratic (squared) terms of the gap between the year of assessment and 2022. The coefficient for the linear term represents the annual rate of change in 2022, while the coefficient for the quadratic term represents the acceleration or deceleration of the change in performance. Notes: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). Costa Rica, Georgia, Malaysia, Malta, Moldova and the United Arab Emirates conducted the PISA 2009 assessment in 2010 as part of PISA 2009+. For Cambodia, Guatemala and Paraguay, results reported under PISA 2018 refer to the results of the PISA for Development assessment, in 2017.

1. The average decennial trend is the average change, per 10-year period, between the earliest available measurement in PISA and PISA 2022, calculated by a linear regression. The average decennial trend is only computed for countries with comparable data in more than two PISA assessments, over the period considered.2. Curvilinear trends in performance are computed only for countries with comparable data in more than four PISA assessments. Curvilinear trends are calculated by a regression of performance over both linear and quadratic (squared) terms of the gap between the year of assessment and 2022. The coefficient for the linear term represents the annual rate of change in 2022, while the coefficient for the quadratic term represents the acceleration or deceleration of the change in performance. * Caution is required when interpreting estimates because one or more PISA sampling standards were not met (see Reader’s Guide, Annexes A2 and A4).** Caution is required when comparing estimates based on PISA 2022 with other countries/economies as a strong linkage to the international PISA reading scale could not be established (see Reader’s Guide and Annex A4). Notes: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). Costa Rica, Georgia, Malaysia, Malta, Moldova and the United Arab Emirates conducted the PISA 2009 assessment in 2010 as part of PISA 2009+. For Cambodia, Guatemala and Paraguay, results reported under PISA 2018 refer to the results of the PISA for Development assessment, in 2017.

1. The average decennial trend is the average change, per 10-year period, between the earliest available measurement in PISA and PISA 2022, calculated by a linear regression. The average decennial trend is only computed for countries with comparable data in more than two PISA assessments, over the period considered.

2. Curvilinear trends in performance are computed only for countries with comparable data in more than four PISA assessments. Curvilinear trends are calculated by a regression of performance over both linear and quadratic (squared) terms of the gap between the year of assessment and 2022. The coefficient for the linear term represents the annual rate of change in 2022, while the coefficient for the quadratic term represents the acceleration or deceleration of the change in performance.

* Caution is required when interpreting estimates because one or more PISA sampling standards were not met (see Reader’s Guide, Annexes A2 and A4).

Notes: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). Costa Rica, Georgia, Malaysia, Malta, Moldova and the United Arab Emirates conducted the PISA 2009 assessment in 2010 as part of PISA 2009+. For Cambodia, Guatemala and Paraguay, results reported under PISA 2018 refer to the results of the PISA for Development assessment, in 2017.

1. The average decennial trend is the average change, per 10-year period, between the earliest available measurement in PISA and PISA 2022, calculated by a linear regression. The average decennial trend is only computed for countries with comparable data in more than two PISA assessments, over the period considered.

2. Curvilinear trends in performance are computed only for countries with comparable data in more than four PISA assessments. Curvilinear trends are calculated by a regression of performance over both linear and quadratic (squared) terms of the gap between the year of assessment and 2022. The coefficient for the linear term represents the annual rate of change in 2022, while the coefficient for the quadratic term represents the acceleration or deceleration of the change in performance.

* Caution is required when interpreting estimates because one or more PISA sampling standards were not met (see Reader’s Guide, Annexes A2 and A4).

Notes: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). Costa Rica, Georgia, Malaysia, Malta, Moldova and the United Arab Emirates conducted the PISA 2009 assessment in 2010 as part of PISA 2009+. For Cambodia, Guatemala and Paraguay, results reported under PISA 2018 refer to the results of the PISA for Development assessment, in 2017.

1. The average decennial trend is the average change, per 10-year period, between the earliest available measurement in PISA and PISA 2022, calculated by a linear regression. The average decennial trend is only computed for countries with comparable data in more than two PISA assessments, over the period considered.

2. Curvilinear trends in performance are computed only for countries with comparable data in more than four PISA assessments. Curvilinear trends are calculated by a regression of performance over both linear and quadratic (squared) terms of the gap between the year of assessment and 2022. The coefficient for the linear term represents the annual rate of change in 2022, while the coefficient for the quadratic term represents the acceleration or deceleration of the change in performance.

* Caution is required when interpreting estimates because one or more PISA sampling standards were not met (see Reader’s Guide, Annexes A2 and A4).

Notes: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). Costa Rica, Georgia, Malaysia, Malta, Moldova and the United Arab Emirates conducted the PISA 2009 assessment in 2010 as part of PISA 2009+. For Cambodia, Guatemala and Paraguay, results reported under PISA 2018 refer to the results of the PISA for Development assessment, in 2017.

1. The average decennial trend is the average change, per 10-year period, between the earliest available measurement in PISA and PISA 2022, calculated by a linear regression. The average decennial trend is only computed for countries with comparable data in more than two PISA assessments, over the period considered.

2. Curvilinear trends in performance are computed only for countries with comparable data in more than four PISA assessments. Curvilinear trends are calculated by a regression of performance over both linear and quadratic (squared) terms of the gap between the year of assessment and 2022. The coefficient for the linear term represents the annual rate of change in 2022, while the coefficient for the quadratic term represents the acceleration or deceleration of the change in performance.

* Caution is required when interpreting estimates because one or more PISA sampling standards were not met (see Reader’s Guide, Annexes A2 and A4).

Notes: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). Costa Rica, Georgia, Malaysia, Malta, Moldova and the United Arab Emirates conducted the PISA 2009 assessment in 2010 as part of PISA 2009+. For Cambodia, Guatemala and Paraguay, results reported under PISA 2018 refer to the results of the PISA for Development assessment, in 2017.

1. The average decennial trend is the average change, per 10-year period, between the earliest available measurement in PISA and PISA 2022, calculated by a linear regression. The average decennial trend is only computed for countries with comparable data in more than two PISA assessments, over the period considered.

2. Curvilinear trends in performance are computed only for countries with comparable data in more than four PISA assessments. Curvilinear trends are calculated by a regression of performance over both linear and quadratic (squared) terms of the gap between the year of assessment and 2022. The coefficient for the linear term represents the annual rate of change in 2022, while the coefficient for the quadratic term represents the acceleration or deceleration of the change in performance.

* Caution is required when interpreting estimates because one or more PISA sampling standards were not met (see Reader’s Guide, Annexes A2 and A4).

Notes: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). Costa Rica, Georgia, Malaysia, Malta, Moldova and the United Arab Emirates conducted the PISA 2009 assessment in 2010 as part of PISA 2009+. For Cambodia, Guatemala and Paraguay, results reported under PISA 2018 refer to the results of the PISA for Development assessment, in 2017.

1. The average decennial trend is the average change, per 10-year period, between the earliest available measurement in PISA and PISA 2022, calculated by a linear regression. The average decennial trend is only computed for countries with comparable data in more than two PISA assessments, over the period considered. 2. Curvilinear trends in performance are computed only for countries with comparable data in more than four PISA assessments. Curvilinear trends are calculated by a regression of performance over both linear and quadratic (squared) terms of the gap between the year of assessment and 2022. The coefficient for the linear term represents the annual rate of change in 2022, while the coefficient for the quadratic term represents the acceleration or deceleration of the change in performance. * Caution is required when interpreting estimates because one or more PISA sampling standards were not met (see Reader’s Guide, Annexes A2 and A4). Notes: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). Costa Rica, Georgia, Malaysia, Malta, Moldova and the United Arab Emirates conducted the PISA 2009 assessment in 2010 as part of PISA 2009+. For Cambodia, Guatemala and Paraguay, results reported under PISA 2018 refer to the results of the PISA for Development assessment, in 2017.

* Caution is required when interpreting estimates because one or more PISA sampling standards were not met (see Reader’s Guide, Annexes A2 and A4).

Note: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

* Caution is required when interpreting estimates because one or more PISA sampling standards were not met (see Reader’s Guide, Annexes A2 and A4).

Note: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

* Caution is required when interpreting estimates because one or more PISA sampling standards were not met (see Reader’s Guide, Annexes A2 and A4).

Note: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).

* Caution is required when interpreting estimates because one or more PISA sampling standards were not met (see Reader’s Guide, Annexes A2 and A4).

Note: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).