OECD Tourism Trends and Policies 2026

Extreme weather-related events are typically described as unusual, severe, or unseasonal weather phenomena that occur infrequently but with significant intensity, often causing substantial disruption to societies, economies, and ecosystems. They include hazards such as extreme heat, droughts, wildfires, heavy precipitation, flooding, mudslides and intense storms. Tourism is particularly affected by such events for several reasons: many tourist attractions and activities are experienced outdoors; tourism infrastructure is often located in more risk-prone areas, including coastal and mountainous areas; and tourists are often not acclimatised to local climate conditions and are therefore less well informed about common risks and necessary behaviour in response to such events.

The sector has demonstrated resilience in the past in its ability to respond to the impacts of extreme weather-related events. However, the increasing frequency and intensity of such events, combined with the growing number of tourists and tourism assets in recent decades has elevated the need to address the issue and seek ways to better cope with the consequences of extreme weather events. Looking ahead, it is anticipated that such events will intensify, with implications for tourism. For example, more frequent and intense heatwaves in mid-latitude destinations such as the Mediterranean have the potential to discourage tourists from booking holidays during peak summer months and instead travel to more temperate destinations (Steiger et al., 2024[1]).

Distinguishing between preparedness, responses, and adaptation is important for managing extreme weather in tourism. Preparedness involves proactive planning and risk reduction before events, such as early warning systems and evacuation protocols. Responses are the immediate actions taken during or after an event to protect lives and minimise damage, while adaptation refers to longer-term adjustments – like redesigning infrastructure, shifting tourism seasons, or diversifying offerings – to cope with more frequent and severe hazards.

Policy plays a key role in shaping tourism’s resilience (OECD, 2022[2]). Preparing the sector for adaptation to extreme weather-related events is necessary to secure this important economic pillar, particularly for regions dependent on tourism. This requires proactive governance, cross-sector collaboration and the systematic integration of adaptation into tourism strategies and development. Countries are increasingly recognising the benefits of adopting sectoral approaches as part of national adaptation and disaster risk management plans, to strengthen intersectoral co-ordination and preventive action in the face of extreme weather-related events, thereby achieving greater resilience for tourist destinations and services.

This chapter provides an overview of the impact that changing weather conditions and extreme weather-related events can have on the tourism sector, drawing on survey responses from OECD and partner countries. It showcases country response initiatives and examines policy responses and adaptation options to minimise impacts on tourism destinations and businesses.

The frequency, duration, and intensity of extreme weather events have increased considerably in recent decades, with serious consequences for economies, ecosystems, human health, and societies (OECD, 2025[3]). Temperature extremes are one of the clearest signals of change. Heatwaves have grown longer, more intense, and more widespread, with well-documented increases in Europe, Asia, Australia, and North America. In Europe, maximum summer temperatures and the occurrence of heatwaves have increased, whereas the frequency of extreme cold spells has decreased. An estimated 12% more people in OECD and partner countries were exposed to such conditions in 2019-23 compared to the reference period 1981-2010. In 2024, the world experienced its hottest year on record, a milestone that concluded a decade of the ten hottest years ever recorded (OECD, 2025[3]).

A combination of high heat, low humidity, and strong winds has also heightened the probability of wildfire outbreaks in many regions (OECD, 2024[4]). In response to record-breaking wildfires across every forested continent over the past decade, G7 Leaders adopted the Kananaskis Wildfire Charter in 2025 – a landmark commitment to scale up wildfire prevention, preparedness and recovery. The Charter seeks to leverage a range of approaches including, sustainable forest management, nature-based solutions, Indigenous land practices such as controlled burning and targeted fire risk reduction measures around communities, buildings and infrastructure (Lavaud and Gamper, 2025[5]).

Precipitation extremes have also intensified. Evidence shows that heavy rainfall events have become more frequent and more intense across most land regions. This trend has already translated into a higher risk of flash floods and surface water flooding because intense rainfall increasingly overwhelms natural and artificial drainage systems, which can also trigger landslides. Such flooding can threaten people’s lives, including tourists, livelihoods and economic infrastructure.

Storm-related extremes show a similar pattern of intensification. Rainfall associated with tropical cyclones has increased, and the most powerful cyclones have shown higher peak wind speeds and greater destructive potential. Severe convective storms (e.g. thunderstorms), often associated with heavy rainfall, strong winds, lightning, hail, and even tornadoes, have also become more damaging in some regions.

Importantly, these shifts are not confined to isolated events but increasingly manifest as compounding and cascading hazards. For example, the probability of compound flooding (when two or more flood drivers occur simultaneously or in close succession) has already risen in some coastal areas due to the combined effects of sea level rise, heavier precipitation, and storm surges. More broadly, the land area affected by concurrent extremes, such as simultaneous drought, heat, and wildfire risk, has expanded over recent decades, creating more complex and interlinked risks for societies and economies (Seneviratne et al., 2023[6]).

Looking ahead, it is anticipated that extreme weather events will intensify, with fire weather conditions projected to become more frequent in parts of southern Europe, Australia, and the Americas (Seneviratne et al., 2023[6]). Similarly, heavy precipitation events are expected to intensify, likely translating into more frequent and severe flooding in both urban and rural settings, if existing drainage and flood protection systems are overwhelmed.

These projected changes pose profound risks for tourism, given the sector’s strong dependence on natural attractions and safe conditions for travel. To safeguard the long-term resilience of tourism, proactive policies and investments are needed to prepare the sector for the growing scale of extreme weather impacts.

While the frequency and intensity of extreme weather-related events are increasing, their macroeconomic and tourism impacts remain poorly understood. OECD estimates indicate that the most severe extreme weather events reduce regional GDP by 2.2%, with losses of around 1.7% persisting after five years. Spatial spillovers are negative and economically significant: a severe disaster occurring within 100 km of a region leads to a further 0.5% decline in GDP – equivalent to almost a quarter of the direct impact. Aggregated across time and countries, extreme weather events are associated with average annual output losses of over 0.3% of GDP in OECD countries, with spillovers accounting for approximately half of the total impact. The capacity to withstand and recover from disasters also varies significantly, with richer, more economically diverse regions, and those with greater population mobility, typically more resilient (Costa and Hooley, 2025[7]).

These events can reshape tourism destinations through damage to infrastructure and natural resources, as well as impacting how they function at different times of the year. This can lead to significant impacts on the health and comfort of tourists and workers, and more widely, the geography and seasonality of global tourism.

Responses to a survey of OECD and partner countries reinforce that extreme weather-related events are increasingly disrupting tourism around the world. Many countries reported that such events affect tourism both directly – through road and airport closures, infrastructure damage, closure of outdoor attractions and/or cancellation of festivals and events – and indirectly, by harming the reputation of destinations and deterring future visitors.

Extreme temperatures and heatwaves are triggering widespread operational challenges for tourism businesses, including cooling, refrigeration, and water loss, often driving up operational costs and compromising the reliability of essential services. Furthermore, wildfires linked to extreme heat and drought have emerged as a significant threat and highly destructive hazard for tourism destinations. Many parts of the world now face annual threats to natural landscapes and the built environment that can also deter travellers, often during peak tourism seasons:

• Canada: In 2024, extreme drought and heat fuelled unprecedented wildfires near Jasper, Canada, during the peak tourist season, and causing an estimated CAD 4.5 million in lost tourism revenue per day (Box 4.1).

• Portugal: A 1% increase in total burned area per municipality was estimated to reduce tourist arrivals by 3.5% in the following year, with estimated annual losses of up to EUR 35-62 million by the 2030s and EUR 128-208 million by the 2050s (Steiger et al., 2024[1]).

• United States: Wildfires in Maui in 2023 caused an estimated total damage of USD 5.5 billion and led to a USD 1 billion loss of tourism revenues even one year after the fires (Murphy, 2024[8]).

Tropical storms, cyclones and hurricanes can cause severe disruptions to the sector via widespread hotel and infrastructure damage, disruptions to holidays and supply-chains, temporary constraints on ground and air transport, and impacts on forward bookings. For example:

• Canada: In 2019 Tropical Storm Dorian caused flooding of over 3.4 meters in some areas of Prince Edward Island, damaging key tourism assets including sand dunes, boardwalks, parks, and campgrounds, restricting access to beaches and trails, and necessitating the rescue of some visitors (Rutty et al., 2024[9]).

• Mexico: In response to the significant impacts of Hurricane Otis and subsequent heavy rainfall and cyclone seasons in 2023, Mexico embedded adaptation and resilience as cross-cutting priorities in federal tourism policy and destination planning. Acapulco se transforma contigo is the flagship adaptation/recovery programme, with MXN 3 000 million allocated in 2025 for integrated actions on water, sanitation, flood prevention, mobility, urban services, and tourism revival.

• New Zealand: Cyclones and floods in early 2023 led to an estimated loss of regional tourism GDP of NZD 1.6 million due to cancelled visitor bookings, losses in business revenues of NZD 28 - 69 million and losses of NZD 5 million in government-managed visitor assets.

• United States: Hurricane Irma’s landfall in Florida in September 2017 led to an 11.6% decline in hotel bookings, a reduction of 1.8 million tourist arrivals, and an estimated loss of USD 1.5 billion in tourism spending.

The increasing frequency and intensity of storms, floods, and droughts are also damaging sensitive ecosystems such as reefs, mangroves, wetlands, and alpine vegetation, stripping landscapes of their biodiversity and scenic value and threatening activities like wildlife watching, nature photography, and adventure tourism (Wolf et al., 2024[10]; Steiger et al., 2024[11]). For example, Australia’s Great Barrier Reef experienced its sixth widespread bleaching event since 2016 over the 2024–25 summer. Heavy monsoonal rainfall and Tropical Cyclone Koji increased freshwater flows and reduced salinity with likely impacts on coral reefs, beaches and islands. Significant management and conservation efforts are underway to protect these vital ecosystems and the tourism sector they support.

Extreme heat is becoming a defining feature of peak travel seasons in some destinations, prompting shifts in tourist behaviour. Cities such as Lisbon, Portugal have recorded significant declines in visitor satisfaction on hot days, with tourists shortening their time spent outdoors, reducing the number of attractions visited and in extreme instances it can lead to the postponement or cancelling of trips altogether. Activities that were once highly attractive to travellers – such as hiking, cycling, and cultural sightseeing – are increasingly perceived as uncomfortable or even hazardous during prolonged heatwaves, leading to a growing demand for shaded, air-conditioned, or indoor experiences (Steiger et al., 2024[1]).

Tourism workers, particularly those employed in outdoor or non-air-conditioned environments, also face increased exposure to dangerous heat conditions. Prolonged exposure can lead to chronic health problems, such as cardiovascular strain, as well as acute impacts like dizziness and fainting, which not only threaten staff well-being but can also reduce productivity and the overall resilience of the tourism sector (Becken et al., 2025[12]). In destinations with limited infrastructure or resources, these risks are amplified, with workers often lacking access to cooling facilities, hydration stations, or adequate rest periods during extreme heat.

The consequences of rising temperatures extend beyond direct heat stress. Warmer climates facilitate the spread of vector-borne diseases such as dengue fever, chikungunya, and malaria, which can discourage travellers from visiting affected regions and place additional burdens on local healthcare systems (Dube et al., 2024[13]). Vulnerable populations – including the elderly, children, those with pre-existing health conditions, and individuals from low-income backgrounds – are at particular risk, especially in areas with inadequate shading, cooling, and healthcare services (Dube et al., 2024[13]; Wolf et al., 2024[10]). For small tourism enterprises and low-income workers, the lack of financial and institutional resources further reduces their ability to mitigate and respond to escalating risks (Becken et al., 2025[12]).

Extreme weather events are altering the geography and seasonality of global tourism, impacting both the destinations people choose and the timing of their trips. Rising temperatures are impacting tourist comfort and prompting some to avoid destinations that have traditionally attracted summer visitors, especially lowland and urban areas in (sub)tropical and arid regions. Increasingly, travellers are seeking more temperate, higher-altitude and high-latitude destinations where temperatures remain more comfortable in peak summer months, often referred to as “Coolcations” (EU Tourism Platform, 2025[14]; World Economic Forum, 2024[15]). This shift has the potential to benefit regions such as northern Europe, Canada, and alpine regions, which stand to gain visitors as their climates become more favourable during summer, particularly relative to many urban and coastal destinations in warmer regions.

Results from the Icelandic Tourist Board’s border survey 2024 indicate that Iceland’s climate conditions (cool temperature and air quality) had “some” to a “significant” influence on the decision of nearly half of all foreign tourists who chose to visit Iceland over the previous year. Lithuania has launched a coolcation initiative targeting tourists from Southern Europe, to access this emerging market, (We Love Lithuania, 2025[16]).

While coolcation destinations may experience extended peak seasons, and increased tourism revenues and employment opportunities, such growth also presents challenges, including the need to develop additional infrastructure, manage potential environmental degradation, and prepare for other potential fluctuations in seasonal demand. For example, in Canada, while the warming climate may prolong the summer tourism season, it also places a strain on winter tourism, reducing the number of days where visitors can ski, skate, or engage in other outdoor winter activities (Steiger et al., 2023[17]). Polar tourism could benefit from diminishing sea ice opening new routes for cruises. However, increasing polar tourism accelerates environmental pressures (Demiroglu et al., 2024[18]). On the other hand, the competitiveness of heat-prone destinations such as the Mediterranean, the Middle East, small island developing states (SIDS) and tropical countries will be undermined by more frequent heatwaves.

Beyond spatial redistribution, changing seasonal conditions are reshaping the timing of travel. Traditional “sunlust” destinations – those sought for hot, sunny conditions – may see declines in peak summer demand as temperatures surpass comfort and safety thresholds. In response, some tourists are shifting their visits to the spring or autumn, providing some potential for seasonal rebalancing (Becken et al., 2025[12]; Steiger et al., 2024[1]; Steiger et al., 2024[11]). This temporal shift offers both opportunities and challenges: while it may help destinations spread visitor loads across the year, reduce summer overcrowding, and generate more consistent revenue streams, it also necessitates strategic adjustments in workforce planning, hospitality services, and infrastructure investments to accommodate more evenly distributed tourist flows.

A broad set of adaptation measures tailored to specific destinations, tourism subsectors, and levels of governance are required to reduce or mitigate the impacts of changing weather conditions on tourism.

Risk assessment, early warning, and emergency response form the backbone of strategies designed to protect tourism destinations from the growing threat of extreme weather-related risks. These strategies are not only about reducing the immediate dangers posed by such events but also about ensuring that tourism economies can withstand and recover from these shocks. Effective risk management begins with thorough, systematic assessments of vulnerability and exposure, which help destinations identify where their weaknesses lie and what measures are most urgently required. Tools such as the Tourism Exposure Index (León-Cruz, Neger and Gössling, 2025[19]), the Holiday Climate Index (Scott et al., 2016[20]), or snow reliability assessments in snow-based tourism (Steiger and Scott, 2020[21]) are increasingly useful for pinpointing high-risk regions and assessing the potential for adaptation measures at the destination level. Country examples include Switzerland’s Snow Compass, which provides online dashboards with data on the formation and melting of natural snow cover and the current and forecast number of hours available for snowmaking, differentiated by region and altitude, as well as strategic options for adaptation to changing seasons. Similarly, the Climate Change Cockpit in Austria, aims to support evidence-based tourism adaptation by providing information on snow reliability and heat stress.

While risk assessment provides the foundation, it is only through integrated monitoring and early warning systems that destinations can translate this information into actionable measures. Enhanced meteorological data integration, paired with localised warning mechanisms, can make a substantial difference in preparedness. These systems must be designed with tourists in mind, as visitors are often less familiar with local hazards and lack access to critical information. Early warning systems, when paired with effective communication channels, can provide real-time updates on emerging threats, guiding both tourists and operators to take timely precautions (Scott et al., 2024[22]). Such systems include multilingual alerts, mobile applications, and partnerships with hotels and tour operators to ensure the widest possible reach. Examples include:

• Austria: Introduced in 2024, “AT-Alert” is a warning system where all cell phone users including tourists are informed in the event of an emergency within a defined region.

• Canada: The National Public Alerting System is a federal, provincial, and territorial system that enables emergency management organisations across Canada to warn the public about imminent or possible dangers such as floods, tornados, fires, and other disasters. Warnings are area-specific (geo-targeted). When an alert is issued, it is broadcast on television and radio and sent to mobile phones connected to an LTE (long-term evolution) or newer (e.g. 5G) network.

• Croatia: The 112 Croatia App, developed by the Civil Protection Directorate of the Ministry of the Interior, issues location-based alerts (e.g. on storms, fires) and links the users to the 112 emergency system. It is designed to be compatible with the EU-wide Public Warning System (EU-ALERT) and complements Croatia’s national cell broadcast alert service.

• Europe: MeteoAlarm is an early warning dissemination system that aggregates, visualises, and provides awareness information from 41 European National Meteorological and Hydrological Services in an accessible manner.

• Japan: “Safety Tips”, a multilingual disaster alert service for international visitors. It provides real-time push notifications in 15 languages on earthquakes, tsunamis, and weather warnings, along with evacuation procedures and links to nearby facilities. Some local governments have introduced digital maps tailored for tourists. These maps function as ordinary sightseeing guides during normal conditions but automatically switch to displaying evacuation sites in the event of a crisis. This allows visitors to take prompt action to ensure their safety.

• Saudi Arabia: An Automated Early Warning System with real-time, color-coded alerts for extreme weather disseminates information via SMS and social media.

The Destination RiskScan initiative developed in the Netherlands is described as a science-based climate risk management toolkit, which aims to support destination policymakers anywhere in the world to map their tourism climate risk profile to help make informed policy decisions (Box 4.2).

The role of real-time weather information services cannot be overstated in bolstering these efforts. Tourists and operators must have access to accurate, up-to-date data on approaching cyclones, floods, and other severe weather events, as this allows them to adapt plans and make informed decisions (Dube et al., 2024[13]). For example, in Costa Rica, the National Emergency Commission, the National Meteorological Institute, and other entities provide systems and communication with local communities for prevention and prompt action. These services can be integrated into mobile apps, local broadcast systems, and even wearable technologies for outdoor tourists. Moreover, crisis management plans must extend beyond immediate evacuation and focus on business continuity, helping tourism operators reopen quickly after disasters and supporting local economies that rely heavily on visitor spending. This is particularly critical for island and coastal destinations, where a single extreme event can wipe out entire tourist seasons and devastate local livelihoods (Wolf et al., 2024[10]).

Beyond forecasting and warnings, strengthening civil defence and emergency management protocols in destinations can help to ensure rapid and co-ordinated responses when disasters strike. Tourism is one component within these broader emergency management frameworks, with sector-specific measures integrated into national and local protocols. This integration can help to ensure that visitors, alongside residents, are protected and that tourism operations contribute effectively to overall resilience. This involves more than government-led interventions; tourism operators, local businesses, and communities must all be active participants. Training tourism staff in emergency preparedness ensures they can assist with evacuations, provide accurate information, and support tourists during crises. Incorporating tourism assets, such as resorts and transportation networks, into national and regional crisis response plans improves co-ordination and resource allocation.

Community engagement also plays an important role, as informed and prepared residents can help facilitate smoother evacuations and recovery efforts. Standardised emergency protocols tailored to tourism-intense, high-risk zones can help to minimise loss of life and economic disruption (Higham et al., 2024[23]). For example, the province of British Columbia, Canada, has established the Tourism Emergency Management Framework, a system designed to protect visitor safety, sustain tourism businesses, and maintain the province’s reputation as a safe and welcoming destination. The framework incorporates the four phases of emergency management – mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery – and promotes collaboration among agencies, governments, Indigenous communities, and federal partners to co-ordinate resources and decisions during emergencies (Government of British Columbia, May 2022[24]).

Ideally, emergency response and risk management frameworks should adopt a layered approach, blending proactive planning with reactive measures. This includes developing localised risk management plans, establishing evacuation routes and shelters, and co-ordinating insurance and contingency strategies for both visitors and tourism businesses to manage financial risks (Fang et al., 2024[25]). In Israel, the Ministry of Tourism has integrated a specific chapter on Extreme Weather Conditions into the National Master Folder for Emergency Situations. Developed with the National Emergency Authority, this allows for better management of tourist safety during heatwaves, floods, and storms.

Despite the growing awareness of associated risks, few countries have concrete figures or measurable data on the economic and social impacts of such events for tourism. Quantification remains challenging, partly because it is difficult to estimate specific economic losses or calculate insurance claims for the sector, due in part to a lack of reliable data and systematic monitoring tools. Countries have underlined, however, that such information is essential to inform thorough risk assessments and to design targeted measures to adapt to the impacts of weather events. Addressing this gap will be crucial for governments and the tourism sector to better anticipate risks, improve preparedness, and strengthen resilience in the face of a changing weather extremes and related events.

Adaptation to extreme weather-related events in tourism requires a comprehensive, multi-level approach that not only focuses on immediate risk reduction but also builds long-term resilience across destinations. A resilient tourism sector protects livelihoods and communities, while adapting to the challenges of an uncertain future (OECD, 2022[2]). In 2025, under the G20 Presidency of South Africa, Tourism Ministers highlighted the critical role of resilience with the development of an Action Plan for Enhanced Resilience in Inclusive, Sustainable Tourism Development, which sets out a strategic roadmap for strengthening the tourism sector’s ability to withstand and adapt to not only environmental but health-related, economic and geopolitical shocks, while promoting opportunities for all and long-term sustainability. Similarly, the forthcoming EU Strategy for Sustainable Tourism aims to shape a competitive, sustainable and inclusive tourism model that aligns with Europe’s environmental goals, supports local communities, and strengthens the sector's resilience to crises, including extreme weather-related events.

Integration begins with strengthening institutional co-ordination, mainstreaming adaptation within national and regional policies, and developing robust planning frameworks that respond to both current and projected increases in extreme weather events. Tourism planning that addresses disaster risk reduction and adaptation to such events, can help to reduce the sector’s vulnerability by ensuring that zoning laws, building codes, and infrastructure investments are adequately recalibrated (Higham et al., 2024[23]).

Adopting such an approach involves proactive measures, including hazard mapping and scenario planning, so that destinations can anticipate future risks rather than merely reacting to events after they occur. Localised adaptation plans are particularly important for destinations with a high dependence on tourism revenues, where the economic stakes are significant. These plans often include the reinforcement of critical infrastructure, diversification of tourism offerings to reduce reliance on at-risk attractions (such as snow-based activities, or diving tourism), and enhanced seasonal flexibility to distribute visitor flows more evenly throughout the year (León-Cruz, Neger and Gössling, 2025[19]). In the Slovak Republic, for example, public support and investment are shifting from developing skiing infrastructure in lower-altitude ski areas. Instead, efforts are moving towards supporting alternative tourism activities that are less dependent on snow and more resilient to changing climatic conditions. In France, the Avenir Montagnes (Future of Mountains) Plan mobilises approximately EUR 650 million in public funding for investment and technical support to diversify tourism offers, accelerating the ecological transition, and revitalising the tourist real-estate market.

A key component of advancing adaptation in tourism lies in fostering robust governance and institutional co-ordination that spans across multiple sectors and levels of administration. Regional Destination Management Organisations (DMOs) can be instrumental in this effort, as they can co-ordinate cross-municipality strategies, create synergies between local and regional actors, and mobilise public-private partnerships to fund and implement adaptation projects (OECD, 2021[26]). These organisations are also positioned to strike a balance between urgent, short-term actions - such as post-disaster recovery - and longer-term strategic planning that anticipates emerging climate challenges (Becken and Loehr, 2024[27]). To minimise the potential impacts and disruption resulting from extreme weather-related events, national tourism organisations and DMOs can take steps to embed adaptation not only into destination development plans but also into marketing strategies, shifting the emphasis from pure growth toward sustainable development and risk mitigation (Gössling et al., 2024[28]; OECD, 2024[29]).

Building institutional capacity within DMOs and developing standardised adaptation indicators for monitoring and accountability, can help to measure progress, identify shortcomings, and guide further action. Sectoral co-ordination is also important; tourism cannot adapt in isolation from related sectors including transportation, energy, emergency management, and public health, all of which play integral roles in ensuring visitor safety and destination resilience (Gössling et al., 2023[30]). The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 (UNISDR, 2015[31]), underscores that effective multi-level and multi-sectoral co-ordination and co-operation, involving governments, private actors, communities, and international organisations, is necessary to ensure coherent and effective disaster risk management for crises impacting tourism, across all stages of prevention, response, and recovery.

At the destination level, effective adaptation requires not only planning but also the implementation of concrete strategies to address extreme weather-related risks. Nature-based solutions, such as dune restoration, wetland rehabilitation, and reforestation, provide dual benefits of protecting coastlines and ecosystems while enhancing destination appeal. Retrofitting or relocating vulnerable infrastructure, designing heat-resilient urban environments with natural shading, cooling corridors, and water features, and investing in multimodal transport systems resilient to floods or storms further reduce long-term risks. Practical examples highlight the diversity of these measures: Small Island Developing States have invested in seawalls and dune systems to protect beaches and resorts. In urban settings, hotels incorporating elevated structures, passive cooling techniques, and rainwater harvesting illustrate how businesses can adapt at the facility level (Wolf et al., 2024[10]). In the EU, a new set of practical guidelines, developed under the Sustainable Tourism Partnership of the Urban Agenda for the EU offers cities and regions concrete support to embed resilience into their tourism strategies, marking a significant step forward in translating strategic ambitions into local-level action (Urban Agenda Sustainable Tourism Partnership, 2025[32]). In New Zealand, regional destination plans increasingly include Māori perspectives and resilience elements, reflecting a commitment to effective governance and sustainable stewardship (Higham et al., 2024[23]).

Broader governance and policy integration measures are equally important to ensure that tourism adaptation is mainstreamed into national and global strategies. For example, since 2010, the tourism sector in Costa Rica has played an active role in planning efforts to integrate climate adaptation into public policy, including Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and vulnerability and risk assessments for extreme weather events in specific regions, to ensure that tourism specific perspectives and adaptation needs are addressed. Integrating tourism-specific adaptation measures into NDCs enables some countries to align the sector with their overarching climate commitments, while also strengthening the long-term resilience and competitiveness of tourism. This integration provides clear policy direction and stretches targets for the sector, creating stronger incentives for businesses to innovate, reduce their environmental footprint, and make tangible progress towards adaptation targets (OECD, 2022[33]). At the same time, it ensures that tourism, which is often a substantial emitter and highly vulnerable sector, is not left out of national strategies, thereby fostering accountability and coherence across the economy. Furthermore, the alignment of tourism and broader policies at both national and sub-national levels ensures coherence and prevents gaps in implementation.

The inclusion of tourism in National Adaptation Plans represents a key step toward institutionalising adaptation across policy frameworks but are still not a common occurrence (Becken and Scott, 2024[34]). Some countries are using tourism specific adaptation plans or the sector’s inclusion in wider adaptation strategies to prepare for the impacts of extreme weather-related events (Box 4.3).

Upgrading tourism infrastructure to withstand extreme weather is becoming more important to secure the long-term resilience of the sector. Many tourism hotspots are located in highly exposed geographic locations, such as low-lying coastal zones or mountainous regions, where sea-level rise, floods, heatwaves, storms, and reduced snow cover threaten both visitor safety and the economic stability of local communities dependent on tourism. For example, in Israel, the Ministry of Tourism updated its "Procedure for Supporting Public Tourism Infrastructure" in 2023. It is now a prerequisite for any municipality or developer seeking government funding to demonstrate that their project planning addresses climate change adaptation (e.g., shading, water conservation, and material durability under heat), thus ensuring that all new tourism developments are resilient by design.

In coastal areas, infrastructure-based adaptation includes elevating or relocating facilities to avoid tidal and storm surge inundation, redesigning drainage systems to handle more intense rainfall, and reinforcing energy networks to ensure reliability during storms or heatwaves. By pairing these measures with investments in natural defences, such as mangrove replanting or coral reef restoration, buffers against storm surges are improved while enhancing biodiversity. Infrastructure is also being adapted to cope with diverse hazards, from flood-proof accommodation and energy-efficient cooling systems to transport networks designed to remain functional in extreme heat (Gössling et al., 2023[30]).

Beyond engineered solutions, nature-based and community-driven responses play a pivotal role in building resilience while fostering local engagement and economic opportunities. Investments in “climate-smart” infrastructure (such as energy-efficient buildings, permeable pavements to improve drainage, and vegetated stormwater systems) reduce environmental impacts while improving adaptive capacity. Diversified transport options, including multimodal systems that combine human powered mobility options such as cycling and walking, with low-emission transit, enhance accessibility even when one mode is disrupted by weather-related events.

Rising costs associated with infrastructure maintenance, insurance obligations, and the implementation of extreme weather adaptation strategies can place significant pressure on the financial sustainability of tourism businesses. For small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), which are the backbone of many tourism destinations but often operate with limited financial reserves, this pressure can be particularly difficult to manage. Many of these businesses lack the capacity to make the necessary investments in resilience, leaving them more vulnerable to future hazards and potentially threatening the stability and diversity of local tourism economies (Gössling and Reinhold, 2025[35]). Supporting these businesses requires a combination of affordable entry points and progressive investment pathways, enabling them to strengthen their resilience while maintaining competitiveness in a rapidly changing market (Box 4.4).

Rising insurance premiums or even exclusion for certain perils can be countered with investments in resilience (e.g., better flood defences) and regulation (e.g., stronger building codes, or zoning laws) that reduce risk and therefore also premiums. Subsidies or tax incentives to support resilience upgrades could help tourism businesses to reduce insurance costs, while insurance pools to which all tourism companies can contribute, thereby spreading the risk, are tools that can help to reduce insurance costs.

Public-private insurance programmes combine the risks of many policyholders within a country or region to create a large pool of independent risks. This diversification reduces the likelihood that many policyholders will suffer losses at the same time. Such programmes can take various forms to limit the losses faced by insurers, such as providing insurance, co-insurance, reinsurance, or government guarantees. They can offer (co-)reinsurance or retrocession1 for severe events, provide basic insurance coverage for more frequent, smaller losses, or cover high-risk policyholders. In Switzerland, for example, natural hazard insurance for buildings is mandatory and premiums are uniform for all policyholders. Covered damages include avalanches, rockfalls, floods, storms and other (FINMA, 2025[36]).

Public-private co-financing mechanisms also provide a potential pathway for scaling adaptation by pooling resources for infrastructure investments - such as flood defences, resilient transportation networks, or renewable energy grids - that protect and benefit multiple stakeholders within a destination (Becken and Scott, 2024[34]).

Tourism policy and decision makers require timely, context-specific and localised impact assessments to inform planning and investment strategies. Building adaptation and resilience literacy across tourism stakeholders is fundamental in this regard (OECD, 2022[33]) as it empowers decision makers to assess potential risks at their destination and develop practical actions and adaptation strategies for their businesses. Participatory approaches, such as the development and dissemination of regional hazard maps, enable collaborative understanding of potential risks and foster locally tailored solutions. Additionally, enhancing research into effective, evidence-based, and cost-efficient adaptation options is important to guide investments and prioritise interventions (Steiger et al., 2024[11]).

Many tourism businesses, especially SMEs, lack the resources and technical expertise necessary to respond effectively to the risks posed by extreme weather-related events. Tailored training initiatives can help these businesses understand the specific threats posed by changing weather conditions and extreme weather-related events, assess their vulnerabilities, and implement adaptive measures. Such efforts not only strengthen individual tourism enterprises but also contribute to the overall resilience of destinations and the tourism sector more broadly (Gössling and Reinhold, 2025[35]). Tourists themselves play a role in this adaptive landscape and should be informed about the potential risks associated with weather events, in ways that are accurate and timely. Clear communication helps travellers make informed choices while avoiding unnecessary alarm, thereby fostering responsible and supportive behaviours (Wright, Rutty and Scott, 2024[37]).

Capacity building should go beyond individual initiatives to include sector-wide efforts to upskill tourism workers in weather-related risk management (Box 4.5). Strengthening the understanding of changing weather and weather-related events and adaptation tools among tourism stakeholders can also help to ensure that managers, employees, and policymakers are working from a shared evidence base and common set of practices (Becken and Loehr, 2024[27]). These initiatives help integrate weather-related risk considerations into everyday operations, from destination planning to supply chain management. An example for capacity building is a promotional project in Poland on Cooperation-Innovation-Sustainable Tourism in 2023-2024. The project addressed the topics of promotion, awareness raising and diagnosis of the state of sustainable tourism in Polish regions.

Consumer-facing and educational actions are also essential for creating a shared culture of resilience. Public awareness campaigns can highlight the risks posed by extreme weather and promote responsible travel choices, while educational initiatives can help visitors understand local vulnerabilities and appreciate the measures destinations are taking to address them. Encouraging low-impact travel modes and the selection of destinations that actively engage in sustainable practices helps travellers become active participants in the transition to a more environmentally sustainable and resilient tourism future.

Adaptive business operations and demand management are becoming key components of the tourism sector’s ability to withstand and recover from weather-related disruptions. As the frequency and severity of extreme weather events continue to rise, tourism businesses and destinations must adjust their operational strategies while building resilience into their planning and communication. These measures are not only reactive responses to immediate crises but also part of a broader effort to foster sustainable, long-term adaptation within the sector.

As part of this effort, tourism enterprises are increasingly relying on short-term operational adjustments to protect their assets, staff, and customers while ensuring the continuity of services. Transparent and real-time communication about risks is central to these adjustments, and to help maintain visitor confidence and avoid the erosion of trust that can accompany uncertainty. In the aftermath of disasters including those caused by extreme weather-related events, strategic destination marketing plays an important role in rebuilding a location’s image and attracting travellers back. For example, in Poland PLN 2 million was allocated to promotional activities supporting the recovery of the tourism sector after severe floods in 2024. In western Canada, devastating wildfires in 2023 and 2024 triggered global media coverage that portrayed the country as “engulfed in flames”, harming its tourism brand. Destination Canada has supported the sector following the wildfires by working to enhance Canada’s brand and demonstrating to international markets the reality of regional safety (Destination Canada, 2025[38]). Campaigns that emphasise resilience and recovery can counteract negative perceptions, while targeted advertising can highlight renewed safety and appeal of destinations. To ensure that these efforts are effective, crisis management and customer care training for tourism staff can help businesses to respond swiftly and compassionately during high-stress periods.

Examples of adaptive business operations can be found in Australia and New Zealand, where tour operators facing wildfires and floods often close temporarily or adjust itineraries to travel in safer areas, with some operators now integrating risk data into their seasonal planning to better anticipate disruptions. Following catastrophic wildfires in Canberra, Australia, the “Heart Recovery Campaign” effectively repositioned the city as a safe and welcoming destination. By combining messaging about resilience with targeted promotional efforts, the campaign helped restore visitor confidence and catalyse tourism recovery (Armstrong and Ritchie, 2008[39]). While around the world, mountain destinations are adapting to warming winters and reduced snow cover by diversifying activities, investing in snow-making technologies and modifying their operating calendars, ensuring that ski resorts can maintain viable operations despite changing seasonal conditions (Steiger et al., 2024[11]).

Managing tourist behaviour and demand is another dimension of adaptation. Weather-related disruptions often alter visitor flows, requiring destinations to closely monitor travel patterns in response to weather alerts and environmental hazards. Flexible booking, cancellation, and refund policies are becoming increasingly important to build and maintain customer trust under increasingly changeable and even volatile conditions. Meanwhile, destinations and operators can mitigate risks by temporarily re-routing or redesigning tourist experiences – for instance, shifting activities from outdoor to indoor attractions during periods of extreme weather. Such measures preserve the visitor experience while safeguarding well-being. One such example is the Refúgiate en la cultura (Take refuge in culture) initiative in Madrid, Spain, where cultural attractions such as museums were promoted as heat refuges. Free flamenco performances in major museums accompanied that initiative (Madrid Destino, 2025[40]). Studies show that although extreme events like floods or heatwaves can temporarily damage a destination’s image, tourists often demonstrate resilience, with many choosing to return once safety and quality of the tourism product are assured. This underscores the need for destinations to focus on expectation management and visitor experience rather than assuming long-term declines in demand (León-Cruz, Neger and Gössling, 2025[19]).

Community-based adaptation provides an additional and often complementary approach to managing weather-related risks. By drawing on local and Indigenous knowledge, destinations can develop strategies that are both culturally grounded and ecologically sustainable. In New Zealand, the principle of kaitiakitanga (Māori environmental guardianship), is increasingly integrated into tourism planning, ensuring that adaptation efforts reflect Indigenous stewardship values and prioritise the long-term health of ecosystems (Higham et al., 2024[23]). Local tourism enterprises are also taking proactive steps by creating flexible products, shifting to alternative or seasonal offerings when conditions demand, and participating directly in conservation initiatives that sustain the natural landscapes central to their operations (Navarro-Drazich et al., 2024[41]). These locally driven actions not only build resilience within individual businesses but also enhance the adaptive capacity of destinations and the sector more broadly.

Taken together, these operational, behavioural, and community-based strategies highlight the evolving nature of tourism adaptation. Resilience is no longer limited to infrastructure or crisis response; it encompasses how businesses communicate with travellers, how destinations manage visitor flows, and how communities themselves shape the future of tourism in harmony with their environments. By combining agile business practices, proactive demand management, and destination-based adaptation measures, the sector can not only withstand the impacts of extreme weather-related events but also foster more sustainable forms of tourism that will continue to support local communities into the future.

While there is a growing body of practice that demonstrates how destinations are taking steps to absorb shocks, protect livelihoods, and maintain tourism flows, tourism remains vulnerable to extreme weather-related events. Major gaps in preparedness remain, especially in regions with limited governance capacity or funding (Becken and Scott, 2024[34]; Scott, 2024[42]), with enhanced cross-sector collaboration, local empowerment, and systematic monitoring key to moving from reactive to proactive adaptation.

Effective preparation and adaptation in tourism requires a mix of technological, institutional, ecological, and behavioural measures. Good practices show that preparation and adaptation is most effective when it is locally grounded, participatory, and supported by multi-level governance and adequate finance. Yet, major gaps remain in integration with national policies and in data availability to track progress (Becken and Scott, 2024[34]; Scott, 2024[42]).

A whole-of-government approach in close co-operation with tourism sector is needed for countries and destinations to prepare, respond and adapt to extreme weather-related impacts. A selection of policy considerations to help build resilient and sustainable destinations are outlined below:

• Risk assessment, early warning and emergency response form the backbone of strategies designed to protect tourism destinations from the growing threat of extreme weather-related risks. For example, undertaking systematic risk scans of destinations can provide policymakers with the necessary information to prioritise investments to enhance resilience and strengthen the capacity of destinations to transform and adapt. Similarly, taking steps to ensure that emergency and early-warning systems are robust and paired with effective communication channels can help to effectively warn and protect residents and visitors during extreme weather events (e.g. multilingual alerts, mobile apps, real-time weather info). Integrating crisis management protocols tailored to tourism-intense, high-risk zones with national emergency response frameworks can help to ensure rapid and co-ordinated responses when disasters strike and minimise any loss of life and economic disruption.

• Governance, planning, and policy integration for adaptation to extreme weather-related events require a comprehensive, multi-level approach, focusing on immediate risk reduction and building long-term resilience across destinations. This includes, for example, taking steps to strengthen institutional co-ordination and mainstream adaptation within national and regional policies, and developing robust planning frameworks that respond to both current and projected changes to weather and extreme events. It is also important to work closely with tourism related ministries to ensure that tourism is integrated into national adaptation strategies and maximise opportunities for the sector to benefit from broader resilience initiatives.

• Upgrading tourism infrastructure to withstand extreme weather is increasingly important to secure the long-term resilience of the sector. Many tourism hotspots are located in highly exposed geographic locations, and as such the need to upgrade tourism infrastructure to withstand extreme weather is becoming more important to secure the long-term resilience of the sector. In response, tourism policymakers need the capacity to work with relevant authorities to strengthen regulatory frameworks, where appropriate, including the enforcement of building codes, zoning laws, and infrastructure standards designed to reduce vulnerability to weather-related hazards. Policymakers should also consider potential mechanisms to encourage business investment in resilient infrastructure (e.g. flood-proof systems, and renewable energy technologies), including financial incentives and public-private insurance programmes.

• Taking steps to address rising costs associated with infrastructure maintenance, insurance and the implementation of extreme weather adaptation strategies can help to reduce pressure on the financial sustainability of tourism businesses. Many tourism businesses, and particularly SMEs, lack the capacity for necessary investments in resilience, leaving them more vulnerable to future hazards. Supporting these businesses requires a combination of affordable entry points and progressive investment pathways, enabling them to strengthen resilience while maintaining competitiveness in a rapidly changing market. Examples of financial and economic instruments include subsidies or tax incentives for resilient infrastructure and working to facilitate access to insurance pools, to which tourism businesses can contribute to enhance resilience and reduce insurance costs. In addition, public–private co-financing for protective infrastructure can provide a potential pathway for scaling adaptation by pooling resources for infrastructure investments. For example, flood defences, resilient transportation networks, or renewable energy grids can protect and benefit multiple stakeholders within a destination.

• Adaptive business operations and demand management are key components of the tourism sector’s ability to withstand and recover from weather-related disruptions. Building adaptation and resilience literacy across tourism stakeholders empowers decision makers to assess the risks of extreme weather-related events at their destination and prioritise actions and adaptation strategies for their businesses. Examples of support include providing businesses with training and capacity building to enable them to better understand potential threats, assess vulnerabilities and implement preventive and adaptive measures – including demand management options such as flexible booking, cancellation and refund policies, as well as temporarily re-routing or redesigning tourist experiences. In addition, enhancing and sharing research into effective, evidence-based, and cost-efficient adaptation options can guide investments and prioritise interventions.

• Finally, entrepreneurs and businesses are on the frontline of impacts from the impacts of extreme weather-related events. As such, they will need to take steps to build flexibility and resilience directly into their operations and develop the capacity to adapt in real time when conditions become unsafe. National and sub-national governments and DMOs will have an important role to play in incentivising and facilitating business and destination efforts to prepare for the increasing frequency of such events. This will include retrofitting existing infrastructure to enhance business resilience, diversifying tourism products and services, training staff to manage crises and keep visitors informed about risks, and developing safety measures and contingency plans to apply during disruptive events. A particular challenge for governments will be to ensure that small operators and less-resourced destinations are not left behind and have the necessary resources to implement effective systems to enhance their resilience and prepare for adaptation to extreme weather-related events.

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