Quantum technologies

Atoms, electrons, photons and other particles at similar “quantum” scales behave differently from the larger objects we encounter in daily life. Understanding such behaviour sparked many technological breakthroughs in the 20th century, including the transistor, integrated circuits, lasers, the global positioning system (GPS) and nuclear power, known as the first quantum revolution.

We are at the onset of a new wave of technologies that use quantum effects directly to gather, process and transmit information, heralding a second quantum revolution. Data is a fundamental resource and a driver of innovation and economic progress. Once sufficiently mature, quantum technologies could therefore bring various commercial applications, leading to significant productivity improvements and a competitive edge in businesses. Many applications could help tackle some of today’s most pressing societal challenges.

Quantum technologies pose significant risks to security and privacy. Quantum computers could break current encryption methods, compromising digital communications and transactions, with malicious actors potentially intercepting data now for future decryption. Governments and organisations are working to adopt quantum-resistant cryptography, though this is a complex process that can take several years. Additionally, quantum sensors create privacy concerns, enabling advanced surveillance techniques like detecting objects not in the direct line of sight or intercepting NFC signals, potentially exposing sensitive payment information. Applications in cryptanalysis, intelligence gathering and weapons development, among others, raise national security concerns that are driving countries to develop capacity in quantum technologies domestically, aiming to reduce reliance on other countries.

Governments have various policy options to leverage the advantages of quantum technologies. Due to the extended development timelines and significant financial risks, many have implemented national strategies and funding initiatives to advance these technologies. Government involvement is essential for fostering fundamental research and enabling businesses to realise commercial opportunities. Beyond funding, setting benchmarks to evaluate and compare quantum technological advancements can help track progress and guide investments.

Governments must strike a balance between fostering open technology ecosystems and protecting against potential misuse. Additionally, the quantum workforce is already experiencing skill shortages, and supply chains for critical materials and components face constraints. The concentration of investments in developed countries further risks deepening global inequalities and restricting the widespread economic and social benefits of quantum technologies. Furthermore, tensions in international co-operation arise due to considerations around digital security, privacy, dual-use applications, and competition for technological leadership. Multilateral consensus on what constitutes the responsible development and use of quantum technologies is therefore needed to build trust in cross-border collaborations.