This study builds on previous comparisons of production- and demand-based carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions by introducing new greenhouse gas (GHG) footprints indicators for 76 economies, based on global production networks. The extended indicators include: i) measures that, beyond CO2 emissions from fuel combustion, account for CO2 from industrial processes and other GHGs such as methane, nitrous oxide and fluorinated gases; ii) evaluation of demand-based emissions by category; and iii) combination of direct production-based emissions (System of Environmental-Economic Accounting residence principle) with upstream and downstream indirect emissions to estimate “Scope 3 emissions” by industry. Total GHG footprint indicators, compared to CO2-only footprints, show smaller differences in emissions intensities between OECD and non-OECD economies, due to the inclusion of non-CO2 emissions from Agriculture, Mining and Waste management. These indicators support policy analyses for decarbonising manufacturing, transitioning to renewable energy sources, and adjusting cross-border trade for high-carbon products.
Measuring greenhouse gas footprints in global production networks
New perspectives on emissions embodied in production chains and final demand patterns
Working paper
OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers
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