Publications

Sera disponible le 14 Avril 2025
Auteur: OCDE
Langue: anglais
Pages: 8

Fisheries and aquaculture provide employment for millions and food for billions. Governments provide support to fisheries to manage fish resources, maintain jobs, support incomes, guarantee food security and respond to unexpected disruptions. But subsidies and other forms of support that make it easier and cheaper to fish can unintentionally drive overfishing and illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing, particularly where fisheries management is ineffective. It is therefore essential to understand how, why and where fisheries support policies can pose risks to fisheries sustainability and socioeconomic outcomes and to mitigate those risk through better policy design and targeting. To this end, this policy brief sheds light on how public money is being spent using data from the OECD Fisheries Support Estimate (FSE) database and presents a framework to assess the risks of unsustainable fishing posed by different types of support policy. It also provides concrete recommendations for smarter public spending.

Sera disponible le 14 Avril 2025
Auteur: OCDE
Langue: anglais
Pages: 6

Good fisheries management is fundamental to every aspect of fisheries sector performance: economic, social and environmental. Evidence suggests that fisheries management works: well-managed fisheries have been shown to be more sustainable, productive and profitable. Conversely, ineffective fisheries management can lead to overfishing and illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing (IUU) fishing – reducing fish stock abundance below levels that allow for optimal productivity, and, in extreme cases, to levels from which fish stocks may never recover. But is the job being done? This policy brief analyses country-specific data on the status of harvested fish stocks and on the measures in place to manage commercially important fisheries. The brief also examines how fisheries managers’ roles are becoming more important and complex due to climate change given its impacts on ocean conditions and increasing uncertainty on how they might affect specific fish stocks and fisheries.

Sera disponible le 14 Avril 2025 à 14:00 CET
Auteur: OCDE
Langue: anglais
Pages: 84

The share of older people in OECD cities is rising fast, and many large cities continue to grow and attract young people. Without age-inclusive policies, cities risk significant social and economic consequences, ranging from poorer health outcomes and higher isolation to workforce loss, increased public spending, and brain drain. The Cities for All Ages report explores how local and national governments can address these challenges and make cities work for all generations. It highlights strategies such as adapting urban design and land use planning for more accessible cities, providing age-friendly housing, and engaging both young and older people in labour and consumer markets. To drive progress, the report offers a checklist of nine policy actions across three key areas – strategy setting, resource development and stakeholder co-ordination – to help local and national governments shape cities for all ages.

Sera disponible le 15 Avril 2025
Auteur: OCDE
Langue: français
Pages: 46

Au cours de la dernière décennie, la Suède a réussi à découpler les principales pressions environnementales de la croissance économique. Le pays se classe en tête sur de nombreux indicateurs environnementaux. Cependant, un certain nombre d'objectifs environnementaux ne devraient pas être atteints d'ici 2030. Malgré des réductions significatives des émissions de gaz à effet de serre, les réorientations politiques récentes ont créé de l’incertitude. Il s'agit du quatrième examen environnemental de la Suède. Il fournit une évaluation factuelle des progrès du pays vers ses objectifs environnementaux au cours de la dernière décennie. Les 28 recommandations visent à aider la Suède à améliorer ses performances environnementales, en mettant l'accent sur l'atténuation du changement climatique et la promotion des émissions négatives.

Sera disponible le 15 Avril 2025
Auteur: OCDE
Langue: roumain
Pages: 90

Ghidul OCDE privind guvernanța corporativă a întreprinderilor de stat oferă îndrumări concrete care să îi ajute pe decidenți să evalueze și să îmbunătățească cadrul legal, instituțional și de reglementare pentru proprietatea și guvernanța întreprinderilor de stat. Ghidul identifică principalele elemente constitutive pentru a asigura profesionalizarea proprietății și guvernanței, și oferă îndrumări practice care să fie implementate la nivel național. Scopul Ghidului este să se asigure că întreprinderile de stat contribuie la sustenabilitate, securitate economică și reziliență, prin menținerea unor condiții de concurență echitabile și a unor standarde înalte globale de integritate și conduită profesională.

Sera disponible le 15 Avril 2025
Auteur: OCDE
Langue: anglais
Pages: 65

The report investigates the state of the art, challenges and opportunities of the circular water economy in 10 Latin American countries, namely: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay. The circular approach to water management consists of reducing water use in production and consumption processes, enhancing water efficiency, promoting water re-use and recycling, and recovering energy and materials from wastewater treatment. Guided by the OECD Principles on Water Governance, the report evaluates governance gaps and offers policy recommendations to establish regulatory frameworks, financing mechanisms, and capacity-building measures necessary to transition from a linear to a circular water economy.

Sera disponible le 15 Avril 2025 à 08:00 CET
Auteur: OCDE
Langue: anglais
Pages: 190

The transition to a circular economy is critical for achieving sustainable development, resource efficiency, and building a resilient future for all. Over the past decade, the European Union (EU) has demonstrated an unprecedented commitment to advancing a circular economy, advocating for action at national, regional and local level. However, most economies remain predominantly linear. This report provides a comprehensive analysis of circular economy practices, challenges, and opportunities in cities and regions, building on a survey of 64 cities and regions of the EU, lessons learned from 10 place-based policy dialogues in specific cities and regions, and desk research. The report concludes with policy recommendations to accelerate a territorial approach to the circular economy for place-based policies that are aligned with EU-wide goals.

BAT for Preventing and Controlling Industrial Pollution – Activity 9

Sera disponible le 15 Avril 2025 à 09:00 CET
Auteur: OCDE
Langue: anglais
Pages: 72

This report provides an analysis of how innovation and emerging techniques (ETs) are defined, recognised and evaluated within the context of Best Available Techniques (BAT) across up to seven governments or regions: People's Republic of China, Czechia, the European Union, the Flanders region of Belgium, Korea, the United Kingdom and the United States. It leverages practices shared by OECD experts to underscore the obstacles to innovation and suggest approaches for addressing these issues. The report examines government practices for addressing ETs and investigates strategies to promote innovation. Notably, it features case studies on ETs related to managing emissions and releases of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), as well as decarbonisation efforts. By evaluating these practices and providing recommendations, this report seeks to encourage regulatory policymakers, industry leaders and stakeholders to integrate innovation and ETs when identifying the BAT for enhancing industrial pollution control and prevention while keeping pace with the rapid developments in industrial technology.

Diversifying Instruments and Leveraging Private investment

Sera disponible le 17 Avril 2025
Auteur: OCDE
Langue: anglais
Pages: 130

Countries around the world are rapidly urbanising. The global population living in cities has more than doubled over the last 40 years and is projected to reach 55% by 2050. Financing sustainable urban development has never been more important, but traditional funding and financing mechanisms are proving inadequate to meet growing demand. Drawing on the 2023 OECD-G20 report Financing Cities of Tomorrow, this report aims to improve understandings of how sustainable urban development is funded and financed in the rapidly urbanising ASEAN-5 countries of Southeast Asia (Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand, and Viet Nam). This report identifies ongoing challenges and emerging opportunities through analysis of 129 sustainable urban development projects (both public and private) across four sectors (integrated urban development; urban transport; water, wastewater and waste management; and buildings), and a desk-based review of institutional and legal frameworks. Key findings and future policy directions focus on (i) creating financial, regulatory, and institutional conditions to maximise private investment, (ii) diversifying funding sources and financing instruments, and (iii) refining and integrating planning and legal systems to guide private investment towards urban sustainability.

Updated evidence to inform national data collections

Sera disponible le 17 Avril 2025
Langue: anglais
Pages: 73

This working paper examines globally inclusive approaches to measuring subjective well-being. The paper reviews concerns that existing research may be overly focused on certain population groups from wealthier countries, that are not internationally representative. While the evidence base that informed the 2013 OECD Guidelines on Measuring Subjective Well-being is found to draw on a wide range of cross-country studies, there are important gaps in global and intra-country sampling and certain populations remain underrepresented. An overview of new literature suggests four recurring classes of subjective well-being measures that are not currently well-captured: 1) low arousal positive affect; 2) relational affect; 3) social well-being; and 4) relational well-being. To enable inclusion of these measures, strong evidence is required to show that measures accurately reflect the intended concepts. Current evidence on the reliability and validity of most measures is limited and the paper concludes with a proposed question module for further testing.

A primer and a taxonomy

Sera disponible le 21 Avril 2025
Langue: anglais
Pages: 47

Government Venture Capital (GovVC) Funds are a widely used policy tool across OECD countries to promote innovation. This paper introduces a taxonomy that distinguishes between different fund designs and serves as a practical guide for policymakers and researchers engaged in cross-country comparisons. It explores the rationales behind GovVC initiatives, particularly their role in seeding and complementing private venture capital markets. The taxonomy then highlights the various ways private actors can participate in GovVC programs, such as through external fund managers, private sector limited partners, co-investment partners, or experts on supervisory boards.

Sera disponible le 24 Avril 2025
Auteur: OCDE
Langue: anglais
Pages: 84

Bulgaria has made notable labour market and social progress in recent years. However, the country faces a pressing demographic challenge, with a rapidly declining and ageing population, which will have significant repercussions on its labour market and economy. In addition, large labour market disparities across different population groups persist and informal employment remains widespread. Poverty is still common in Bulgaria despite rising living standards, and particularly minorities, including immigrants, face social disadvantage. This report provides an overview of the main labour market and social challenges facing Bulgaria and a comprehensive analysis of Bulgaria’s policies and practices compared with best practices in OECD countries in the fields of labour, social and migration policy. It also includes recommendations on how Bulgaria can tackle key challenges. The report will be of interest to Bulgaria as well as to other countries that are looking to promote more inclusive labour markets and societies.

Reinforcing an Effective Regulatory Environment

Sera disponible le 24 Avril 2025
Auteur: OCDE
Langue: anglais
Pages: 77

Thailand has introduced important reforms to strengthen its regulatory policy framework, but certain challenges remain. This report assesses the country’s regulatory management capacity by taking stock of regulatory policies, institutions and tools; ex ante and ex post evaluation of regulations; stakeholder engagement practices; and regulatory enforcement and inspections. The review describes trends and recent developments, identifies gaps in relation to good practices, and offers policy recommendations based on best international practices to strengthen the government’s capacity to manage regulatory policy. Improving the entire regulatory policy cycle will ensure that regulations are built on a foundation of solid evidence and public participation and are designed to improve the security, health and well-being of citizens at a reasonable cost. The recommendations are based on an analysis of the strengths and challenges, as well as on extensive engagement with stakeholders, within and external to the Thai administration. They also draw on lessons learnt from the implementation of regulatory impact assessment (RIA) in a range of countries, a benchmarking of RIA-related best practices, and guidance material from relevant jurisdictions.

Lessons from 14 Northern Sparsely Populated Areas

Sera disponible le 25 Avril 2025
Auteur: OCDE
Langue: anglais
Pages: 150

Institutional Framework and Trends

Sera disponible le 29 Avril 2025
Auteur: OCDE
Langue: anglais
Pages: 65

Sweden has one of the largest and most active equity markets in the European Union. Small companies use public markets to a much larger extent than in comparable countries and the level of household engagement in domestic capital markets is high. This report assesses the Swedish equity market, drawing from original data and in-depth interviews with market participants. It also discusses the policy initiatives that have promoted the growth of the Swedish market, including the local regulatory and corporate governance models.

Panorama de bonnes pratiques pour une participation effective des citoyens

Sera disponible le 29 Avril 2025
Auteur: OCDE
Langue: français
Pages: 120

Face à l’urgence climatique et environnementale, l’implication active des citoyens dans la réponse apportée est essentielle pour assurer sa mise en œuvre efficace, ainsi que renforcer la confiance dans les décisions publiques. Pour ce faire, les gouvernements ont l’opportunité de repenser les modes de gouvernance de l’agenda vert en s’appuyant sur les principes du gouvernement ouvert – transparence, redevabilité et participation. Ce rapport recueille des bonnes pratiques, identifiées dans les pays Membres et partenaires de l’OCDE, qui témoignent de la mobilisation des pratiques du gouvernement ouvert pour (ré)engager les citoyens dans la transition verte. À travers des initiatives pour renforcer l’accès aux informations environnementales et aux données ouvertes vertes, un usage stratégique de la communication publique prenant appui sur des pratiques innovantes, et des mécanismes et processus de participation citoyenne déployés à divers niveaux de gouvernement, il met en lumière les opportunités et leviers à actionner tout au long du cycle des politiques publiques pour assurer une participation effective des citoyens à la transition verte, favoriser la pleine appropriation des enjeux et réponses apportées, et les doter des moyens de devenir des acteurs de premier plan de cette transition.

Sera disponible le 30 Avril 2025
Auteur: OCDE
Langue: anglais
Pages: 74

Governments around the world are making significant efforts to deliver more effective public services, reduce administrative burdens, improve communication, and enhance citizens’ experiences with government formalities. In these efforts, regulatory improvement tools such as administrative simplification, digital licensing, and one-stop shops play a central role. In recent years, Costa Rica has introduced the digital one-stop shop Single Investment Window (Ventanilla Unica de Inversiones, VUI), which brings together all the formalities necessary for investing in the country. The VUI reduces burdens for entrepreneurs and businesspersons by providing a single digital point of contact for various licenses and permits issued by different government agencies. In this way, it helps boost Costa Rica’s competitiveness and attract more investment. This report provides an overview of the VUI, as well as a comparative analysis of its design and operation using OECD best practice principles in one-stop shops as a benchmark. The report also provides recommendations to improve the performance of the VUI.

Ensuring Integrity and Efficiency

Sera disponible le 30 Avril 2025
Auteur: OCDE
Langue: anglais
Pages: 70

Decomposition of Personal Income Taxes and the Role of Tax Reliefs

Sera disponible le 30 Avril 2025 à 11:00 CET
Auteur: OCDE
Langue: anglais
Pages: 650

This annual publication provides details of taxes paid on wages in OECD countries. This year’s edition focuses on the decomposition of personal income taxes and the role of tax reliefs, which can take the form of tax allowances or tax credits on the taxes levied by different levels of government. For the year 2024, the report also examines personal income taxes and social security contributions paid by employees, social security contributions and payroll taxes paid by employers, and cash benefits received by workers. It illustrates how these taxes and benefits are calculated in each member country and examines how they impact household incomes. The results also enable quantitative cross-country comparisons of labour cost levels and the overall tax and benefit position of single persons and families on different levels of earnings. The publication shows average and marginal effective tax rates on labour costs for eight different household types, which vary by income level and household composition (single persons, single parents, one or two earner couples with or without children). The average tax rates measure the part of gross wage earnings or labour costs taken in tax and social security contributions, both before and after cash benefits, and the marginal tax rates the part of a small increase of gross earnings or labour costs that is paid in these levies.

Sera disponible le 2 Mai 2025
Auteur: OCDE
Langue: anglais
Pages: 120

Ageing will be very fast in Southeast Asia and most ASEAN countries have a very large share of informal employment. Promoting active ageing aims to ensure that older people can age healthily and independently and avoid feeling insecure, in particular in terms of income. This could be achieved by putting into action policies that foster the well-being of older people through their participation in the labour market and their engagement in various aspects of life, such as volunteering. Key active ageing policies in the ten ASEAN countries should focus on: tackling labour market informality; reducing gender inequalities in old age and improving care provision; providing inclusive access to health care; enhancing social protection in old age; and, promoting the social participation of older people. This report highlights the main measures to be taken in these five areas.

Sera disponible le 2 Mai 2025
Auteur: OCDE
Langues: français-anglais-thaï
Pages: 75

Les examens par les pairs du droit et de la politique de la concurrence constituent un outil précieux pour réformer et renforcer le cadre de concurrence d'un pays. Cet examen par les pairs de la Thaïlande présente l'évolution de son régime de concurrence au cours des dernières années et évalue l'efficacité de son droit et de sa politique de la concurrence actuels. Il formule des recommandations pour aider la Thaïlande à renforcer son régime et ses institutions de la concurrence, qui ont élaborées et débattues au cours de l'examen par les pairs réalisé pendant l’édition 2024 du Forum mondial sur la concurrence.

Insights from the OECD Risks that Matter Survey

Sera disponible le 2 Mai 2025
Auteur: OCDE
Langue: anglais
Pages: 120

Social spending has declined in the United Kingdom over the last decade or so, reflecting efforts to limit public spending in the wake of the financial crisis. Using data from the 2022 OECD Risks That Matter (RTM) Survey, a multi-country survey covering 27 OECD countries, this report examines perceptions of social risks and attitudes towards social protection in the United Kingdom. Results point to a country that feels relatively vulnerable to social risks, especially in comparison to several of its peers in the G7 and other wealthy OECD economies. Looking forward, there is strong support in the United Kingdom for an expansion of social protection. Results are consistent with evidence from UK sources that suggest attitudes in the United Kingdom have been shifting in favour of increased taxation, spending and redistribution.

Sera disponible le 5 Mai 2025
Auteur: OCDE
Langue: anglais
Pages: 95

The economy of Panama has exhibited strong growth since the turn of the century, and despite shrinking by 18% in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, recovered quickly in subsequent years. This recovery reflects the country’s economic resilience, buttressed by a fiscal response to the crisis commensurate with the dimension of the challenge, mobilising 3% of GDP to fight the pandemic. The crisis also highlighted significant vulnerabilities in Panama’s development model, including the dual nature of its labour market, where less productive informal work remains widespread, and the limited reach of its social protection system. In contrast to the rapid economic rebound, the social consequences of the pandemic are likely to be more long-lasting effects. The response and stimulus packages found new ways to address these issues innovating in social protection, in support to the productive sector and in mobilisation of resources. This report draws lessons from policy measures implemented during the pandemic and recovery phase and applies them to current strategic challenges. In doing so, it highlights policy priorities to make Panama’s development path more inclusive, stronger and more resilient.

Le rôle de la fiscalité générale, des cotisations sociales et de la contribution du secteur informel

Sera disponible le 5 Mai 2025 à 11:00 CET
Auteur: OCDE
Langue: français
Pages: 150

L’ampleur de l’emploi informel et la faiblesse de l’assistance sociale témoignent des défis importants en matière de protection sociale auxquels le Sénégal fait face. Aujourd’hui, moins d’un Sénégalais sur quatre bénéficie d’un programme de protection sociale, tandis que les prestations associées restent limitées. Ce rapport explore comment le pays peut élargir la couverture sociale et garantir son financement de manière durable. Il détaille les leviers pour élargir l’espace budgétaire, notamment par un renforcement de la mobilisation des recettes fiscales, une rationalisation des dépenses fiscales et une réforme des subventions à l’énergie. Le rapport examine également les mesures pertinentes pour renforcer les régimes contributifs et favoriser la transition vers le travail formel. Ce faisant, il offre des pistes de réflexions et recommandations pour les décideurs, chercheurs et partenaires au développement engagés dans le développement d’un système de protection sociale inclusif et durable au Sénégal.

Sera disponible le 6 Mai 2025 à 09:00 CET
Auteur: OCDE
Langue: anglais
Pages: 300

Ukraine has made significant strides in reforming its anti-corruption framework in the past decade. It has done so by enhancing transparency, accountability, and integrity through open data, digitalisation, and bolstering of the independence of anti-corruption bodies. However, corruption risks remain high in the context of Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine, which makes having a robust public integrity system more critical than ever to ensure a transparent and effective reconstruction process. This review delivers recommendations to strengthen Ukraine’s legal and institutional framework, embed a culture of integrity in state bodies and society, enhance judicial accountability, and reinforce control and audit mechanisms. It also explores ways to reinforce whistleblower protection, implement lobbying regulations and promote business integrity – through awareness raising, adoption of company-level anti-corruption compliance programmes and incentivising good corporate behaviour through public advantages and criminal law measures. Together, these measures can help to promote trust, drive economic recovery and sustain international support for Ukraine now and in the future.

Sera disponible le 7 Mai 2025
Auteur: OCDE
Langue: anglais
Pages: 180

The New Professionalism and the Future of Teaching project has devised a theoretical framework that allows stakeholders in education to construct a shared vision on what the teaching profession could look like in the future. This study in Austria seeks to anticipate and increase deeper, structured thinking about medium- and long-term scenarios for teacher professionalism and empowerment. Potential benefits for the system include long-term strategic thinking regarding the Austrian teacher workforce and finding solutions to issues that transcend the short-term. The results of the study point to a focus on collaborative school cultures, teacher autonomy and professional identity, leadership (on various levels) and an innovation culture with a diversity of roles within the teacher workforce, as elements of specific importance in thinking about the possible future of the teaching profession in Austria.

Sera disponible le 7 Mai 2025 à 09:00 CET
Auteur: OCDE
Langue: anglais
Pages: 120

The Scoreboard, whose pilot version was first released in 2023, is a tool to monitor and assess the Western Balkans’ progress towards economic convergence with the European Union (EU). It supports policy-makers in pinpointing priority areas for narrowing the gap between the region and the EU, drawing on over 35 indicators across five policy clusters essential for sustainable and inclusive growth. These clusters are infrastructure and connectivity, skills, business environment, digital transformation and greening. The Scoreboard primarily draws on the data and input collected as part of decade-long policy assessments conducted by the OECD, most notably the Western Balkans Competitiveness Outlook and SME Policy Index for the Western Balkans and Türkiye.

Sera disponible le 7 Mai 2025 à 09:00 CET
Auteur: OCDE
Langues: anglais-français
Pages: 84

Sera disponible le 30 Mai 2025
Auteur: OCDE
Langue: anglais
Pages: 100

Peru has made remarkable progress in delivering healthcare services over the past decades, leading to large improvements in most general population health indicators. Health insurance coverage has increased steadily since the 2009 health reforms. The country is now close to achieving universal health coverage, with the Integral Health Insurance (Seguro Integral de Salud) playing a crucial role in reaching poor and underserved rural communities. However, Peru continues to grapple with a health system that remains both segmented and fragmented, with multiple public sub-systems serving different population groups. The health system still lacks the integration and co-ordination needed to ensure equitable access to high-quality care for all Peruvians. Addressing these challenges requires strengthening quality governance, investing in high-impact healthcare service improvements, and curbing inefficiencies. This review assesses the performance of Peru’s health system and provides key recommendations for achieving a more equitable, efficient, and sustainable healthcare system aligned with OECD standards.