The Circular Water Economy in Latin America

In Latin America, national and subnational governments are increasingly developing long term visions towards a circular economy in the form of strategies, roadmaps and plans to foster sustainability and resource efficiency (Box 2.1). Half of these countries – Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Mexico, and Uruguay – have formulated, or are set to implement, national strategies, while Chile, Paraguay, and Peru have opted to develop Circular Economy Roadmaps. Furthermore, Uruguay’s earlier Circular Economy Action Plan served as a foundational initiative leading to the formulation of its strategy. In Mexico, a national circular economy policy has been under development since 2023. Some countries have also begun to develop circular economy regulations. For example, Brazil and Costa Rica drafted legislative proposals in 2022 and 2023, respectively. Additionally, Buenos Aires and Mexico City have demonstrated leadership in advancing circular economy initiatives at the local level by enacting subnational circular economy laws in 2021 and 2023.

In recent years, water resources and sanitation have been included in circular economy policies across Latin America. According to the 2020 OECD Survey on the Circular Economy in Cities and Regions1, 65% of surveyed cities and regions acknowledge water and sanitation as essential component of circular economy strategies (OECD, 2020[17]). Among the 10 surveyed Latin American countries in this report, seven have already implemented circular economy policies, while Mexico is currently in the process of developing one. However, six countries – Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Peru, and Uruguay – explicitly include water resources in their circular economy policies (Table 2.1). Early initiatives, such as Uruguay's 2019 Circular Economy Action Plan and 2019 Brazil's Circular Economy Roadmap, set the stage for ad hoc measures and localised efforts to include water, like the integration of circular economy criteria for public procurement of food in Uruguay or the development of a digital platform to promote the adoption of water efficient technologies and establishment of circular economy hubs in Brazil. However, more recent policies since 2023, such as Costa Rica's Circular Economy Bill and Strategy and Mexico's Diagnostic for the Development of the National Circular Economy Strategy (Box 2.2), incorporate national-scale metabolic analyses of water, material, and energy flows, alongside the introduction of concrete targets and monitoring indicators. Additionally, countries are starting to develop dedicated policies for the circular economy in the water sector, such as Colombia’s 2020 Circular Economy in the Management of Drinking Water Services and Wastewater Handling (CONPES 4004) and Peru’s 2024-2030 Roadmap to a Circular Economy in Drinking Water and Sanitation.

Circular economy initiatives in Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Peru, and Uruguay share a common objective of integrating water resource management into their broader sustainability strategies, emphasising water reuse, efficiency, and the reduction of environmental impacts. For example, Uruguay’s 2024 National Circular Economy Strategy identifies water as a priority resource flow and promotes measures such as recirculation technologies and resource recovery from wastewater. Similarly, Costa Rica’s 2023 Circular Economy Bill emphasises rainwater harvesting and wastewater reuse in key sectors, including agriculture and construction. Brazil’s Circular Economy Roadmap highlights water reuse as a key component of promoting circularity across various sectors, particularly in the semi-arid regions. Chile, on the other hand, has implemented a more targeted approach through its 2021 Circular Economy Roadmap, which specifically addresses water resources via initiatives to enhance information systems and updates regulations for waste management, particularly greywater reuse. Despite progress in some countries, significant gaps remain, particularly in the systematic integration of measures for the recovery of energy and materials. While Peru and Uruguay address nutrient recovery and biosolid recycling, many countries fail to prioritise recovery or adequately target underrepresented sectors, such as urban water use and energy.

The distinctive features of each country’s strategy are shaped by their unique environmental challenges and governance structures. Colombia’s approach, through the 2020 National Circular Economy Strategy and CONPES 4004, relies on targets for increasing water productivity and reducing water pollution, supported by detailed monitoring and evaluation frameworks. Costa Rica’s strategy focuses instead on integrating water management into broader eco-friendly practices, such as public procurement and sector-specific guidelines. Peru and Uruguay prioritise water efficiency and recycling within the context of their broader sustainability goals, with Uruguay notably identifying water as one of its five priority flows in the 2024 National Circular Economy Strategy.

Despite the distinct challenges each country faces, common patterns emerge in their efforts to advance circular economy goals. Brazil and Colombia face the need for effective implementation of their circular economy strategies, particularly in regions with significant water scarcity and pollution issues. In Chile and Costa Rica there are regulatory hurdles, specifically for adopting new technologies and practices in water reuse and wastewater management. In Peru and Uruguay, the challenge lies in ensuring that newly established roadmaps and strategies can be effectively operationalised in sectors like water and sanitation, where infrastructure and resource limitations are significant. Despite these challenges, all Latin American surveyed countries share a commitment to fostering innovation, enhancing regulatory frameworks, and building partnerships across sectors to achieve their circular economy objectives.

Funding mechanisms to support circular water economy policies show diverse approaches, with some countries leveraging innovative financing tools and others focusing on more traditional public funding. Countries like Colombia, Costa Rica and Uruguay have developed comprehensive financial strategies that integrate green financing, incentives for businesses, and public-private partnerships. For instance, Colombia encourages private-sector participation through favourable credit conditions and seed capital. Costa Rica offers tax credits, accelerated depreciation, and income tax reductions to promote water-saving technologies and innovation. Uruguay’s approach includes financial tools with circularity criteria to guide investment. In contrast, Brazil and Paraguay exhibit a more limited approach, with fewer details available on dedicated financing mechanisms. In Peru, emerging financing mechanisms, including between the IDB and the Peruvian Federation of Municipal Savings and Credit Banks, along with green bonds issued by Banco de Crédito del Peru, support circular economy initiatives. In general, the adoption of blended finance models, along with targeted incentives and capacity-building support, is critical for scaling up circular water initiatives. However, the lack of detailed financial strategies in some countries could impede the effective implementation of circular water policies in those countries.

The results of the OECD/IDB Survey highlight two complementary policy approaches to address the circular water economy. On the one hand, some countries are developing circular economy policies that, in some cases, mention the link to water or establish specific measures and/or targets related to one or more dimensions of the circular water economy. On the other hand, sectoral policies and initiatives, primarily in the water and sanitation and water resource management policies but also in climate change policies, embed considerations that focus on specific dimensions of the circular water economy.

The OECD/IDB Survey also reveal that the surveyed countries have established goals and principles related to water reduction and efficiency in their regulatory frameworks, accompanied by the development of standards, certifications, and indicators for evaluation and monitoring. In addition, many countries have implemented economic and regulatory instruments as well as water-saving measures, technologies and infrastructure modernisation. Finally, improved data and information on water use and the development of capacities and awareness initiatives are also being developed in most countries. Regulations have been established to delineate the types of water uses and several countries have conducted studies and assessments on the potential uses of wastewater. To a lesser extent, some practices encourage the generation of data and information on water reuse and recycling and engage stakeholders in defining urban reuse plans. However, nutrient recovery and energy generation are not widely considered in current legal and regulatory frameworks in the surveyed countries in Latin America.

The next section provides a detailed review of the relevant regulatory and policy initiatives that have been undertaken in the surveyed countries to help support the circular water economy.

All surveyed countries have established regulatory frameworks to promote water reduction and efficiency. They have set targets and implemented specific measures to control water losses, encourage recycling, and optimise usage, with notable progress in laws and reforms across the region.

• In Argentina, the Environmental Management of Waters Regime (Law No. 25688) sets minimum environmental budgets for the preservation and rational use of water.

• In Brazil, Law 11.445/2007 (modified by Law 14.026/2020) establishes the "reduction and control of water losses, promotion of energy efficiency, recycling of sanitary effluents, and rainwater harvesting." The National Water and Sanitation Agency sets standards for the reduction and control of water losses. Ordinance No. 490, 2021 proposes a substantial 90% reduction in losses between 2025 and 2026.

• In Chile, the reform of the Water Code (Law 21.435 of 2023), initially enacted in 1981, promotes a balance between efficiency and security in the productive uses of water. The Draft Law 1317909 of 2020 encourages the rational use of water in the productive sector.

• In Colombia, Law 373 of 1997 defines annual targets for reducing losses in aqueduct systems and integrates water-efficient programmes into regional and municipal plans. Moreover, the 2010-2022 National Policy for the Integrated Management of Water Resources establishes the principle of "savings and efficient use" of water.

• The Water Law in Costa Rica, amended in 2012 addresses water efficiency, sets measures to tackle scarcity and promotes rationalisation.

• In Honduras, the Drinking Water and Sanitation Sector Law identifies water wastage in unauthorised activities as infraction, penalising behaviours that undermine authorised water use. It also mandates service providers to inform users about the benefits of low-consumption sanitary fixtures.

• In Mexico, the General Law of Ecological Balance and Environmental Protection, enacted in 1988 and updated in 2024, mandates authorities to promote water conservation. The CONAGUA promotes efficient water use and manages consumption patterns.

• In Paraguay, Law 1614 of 2000 establishes the regulatory framework for the reduction of water losses, amongst others. The Water Resources Law 3239 of 2007 and the 2023 National Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Plan promote a rational and efficient use of water.

• In Peru, the Water Resources Law establishes water efficiency as a fundamental principle, and the Framework Law for the Management and Provision of Sanitation Services prioritise efficiency in service provision.

• In Uruguay, the Water Code and Decree 253/979 emphasise the state's and operators' responsibility to promote water conservation and efficient use.

Half of the surveyed countries employ economic and financial instruments to incentivise water use reduction, utilising measures such as fines, usage fees, and dedicated funds to promote efficient water management across various sectors. In Brazil, Decree nº 11,599/2023 allocates financial support to reduce losses in treated water, with goals to be set in the planning instruments by the municipalities. Costa Rica utilises the Fee for Water Utilisation (Executive Decree No. 32868-MINAE), to incentivise improved water resource management across different sectors, including human consumption, agriculture, and industries. Honduras addresses water wastage through the Drinking Water and Sanitation Sector Framework Law (No. 118-2003), imposing fines on users who commit infringements. In Peru, Decree Law 1284 establishes a Safe Water Investment Fund, providing financial support for programmes and projects enhancing the economic and operational efficiency of sanitation service providers. In Uruguay, the National Water Policy advocates for the rational use of water through cultural and educational aspects and introduces charges for usage as an economic instrument to encourage efficient water utilisation.

Most countries have implemented measures to modernise infrastructure and adopt new technologies aimed at improving water efficiency, with initiatives ranging from energy-efficient projects to the adoption of digital tools and low-consumption technologies. In Brazil, the Energy Efficiency Project in Water Supply and the pilot project "Digital Platform Sabiá" implement energy-efficient measures and leverage new technologies for optimising water use. In Colombia, the National Policy for the Integrated Management of Water Resources and its Action Plan encourage the adoption of technologies promoting water savings, alongside improvement of obsolete water supply infrastructure. Also, Law 373 of 1997 and the 2022-2026 National Development Plan further advocate for the adoption of low water consumption technologies, digitalisation, smart metering, and innovation in the water and sanitation sector. Costa Rica, through the Decree No. 30413 and the Code of Hydraulic and Sanitary Installations in Buildings, sets goals for infrastructure expansion and improvements, including in water purification and treatment plants. Honduras, under the General Water Law (No. 181-2009), addresses infrastructure by creating incentives for the implementation of technologies that reduce water use and consumption. In Mexico, the General Law of Ecological Balance and Environmental Protection assigns authorities the responsibility of promoting water-saving measures. In Peru, initiatives under the National Water Resources Policy and the National Water Resources Plan focus on modernising distribution and irrigation systems, establishing efficiency parameters, and promoting research and application of technologies for efficient water use. In Uruguay, the National Water Plan (Decree 205/2017) and the Integrated Waste Management Law incentivise the use of efficient technologies for inputs, including water and energy. Uruguay's National Water Supply and Sanitation Company adopted water loss reduction techniques within two water treatment plants between 2013 and 2019, resulting in a cumulative savings of 89.3 million cubic metres.

Data-driven approaches and capacity-building initiatives are less commonly used for reducing water use and enhancing resource management in the region. In Colombia, Law 373 of 1997 establishes educational campaigns to raise public awareness about the rational and efficient use of water resources. Additionally, Colombia's Guide to saving and efficient use of water provides specific directives to environmental authorities and water concessionaires for planning and implementing measures that enhance efficient water use. This initiative focuses on capacity building, ensuring that relevant stakeholders have the necessary knowledge and skills to actively contribute to water conservation efforts. In Costa Rica, the Environmental Accounts of the Central Bank include a water account, providing essential data and metrics to better understand water usage patterns and identify areas for improvement. In 2023, Paraguay introduced the Water Information System, a web platform anticipated to facilitate the generation of efficient and sustainable water resource management (GPSDD, 2023[18]). Similarly, Honduras uses the Agua de Honduras platform to provide reliable and free information on water resources, combining scientific methods and digital technology to support more efficient decision-making in water management. Additionally, the Drinking Water and Sanitation Sector Framework Law (No. 118-2003) seeks to educate users on the advantages of adopting low-consumption habits.

Several Latin American countries have established regulations to promote the sustainable management of water resources through reuse of untreated water (e.g. rainwater harvesting) and recycling of treated wastewater across various sectors, including domestic, agricultural, and industrial use. In the area of recycling, Colombia's Climate Change Law and Resolution 1256 sets targets for treated wastewater use in domestic applications. Costa Rica further enforces treatment standards and accountability for wastewater management across various sectors. Regarding agricultural use, in Argentina, the Guiding Principles of Water Policy emphasise advocate for water recycling, with regional resolutions focusing on agricultural applications, while Mexico’s National Water Law supports municipal wastewater recycling for agriculture, ensuring compliance with health standards. Similarly, Brazil's laws encourage the recycling of sanitary effluents, rainwater harvesting, and greywater reuse in urban and agricultural settings. Peru's National Water Resources Plan and comprehensive legal framework align wastewater recycling with enhancing water resource availability and environmental protection. Industrial wastewater recycling is emphasised Paraguay's 2023 National Plan that supports wastewater technologies in urban and industrial developments, reflecting a similar commitment. Finally, Chile and Honduras focus on incentivising greywater reuse and regulated recycling for ecological preservation and urban applications, with Honduras additionally targeting environmental education and aquifer recharge.

Half of the surveyed countries adopted standards for wastewater recycling. In Brazil, the ANA establishes reference standards for the recycling sanitary effluents, aligning them with environmental and public health standards. Costa Rica, through the Wastewater Discharge and Reuse Regulation (Decree No. 33601), defines maximum permissible limits for the discharge and recycling of wastewater from commercial, industrial, and service activities. In Mexico, NOM-006-CONAGUA-1997 establishes maximum permissible limits for contaminants to ensure the safe recycling of wastewater in public services, contributing to the protection of public health and the environment. In Paraguay, Resolution 222 of 2002 specifies the different types of treated water for domestic supply (special, conventional or simplified water treatment), while Law 5428/2015 defines technical requirements for effluent treatment and specific rules for recycling sewage effluent. Similarly, in Peru, the Supreme Decree No. 003-2010-MINAM approves maximum permissible limits for effluents from domestic or municipal wastewater treatment plants and mandates the establishment of a monitoring programme in these plants, reinforcing the commitment to maintaining water quality standards in recycled wastewater.

A few countries carried out research and assessments to understand opportunities and challenges associated with wastewater recycling. In Argentina, an assessment conducted in 2023 by the Secretary of Infrastructure and Water Policy highlighted the critical need for a National Plan for Wastewater Treatment. This study serves as a foundational step toward recognising the importance of wastewater management and developing strategic plans for its treatment and recycling. In Colombia, the 2018-2030 Water and Basic Sanitation Master Plan undertook a review of regulations to facilitate the recycling of water. Moreover, Colombia's CONPES 3934 Green Growth Policy diagnosed inefficiencies in water resource use and advocated for increased reuse of grey water and rainwater, emphasising the importance of improving efficiency in water use and wastewater treatment. The 2022-2026 National Development Plan in Colombia urged the preparation of a study that analyses and documents techniques for the reuse and recycling of domestic, industrial, agricultural, and rainwater wastewater.

Other practices focus on economic incentives, data and information and stakeholder engagement. In Costa Rica, the 2016–2045 National Policy on Wastewater Sanitation includes two strategic actions: first, it aims to establish a national information system for discharges and water recycling, with the goal of achieving full operationalisation by 2025, emphasising the importance of data and information in effective wastewater management. Second, it foresees to develop a strategy for the safe and valued reuse and recycling of wastewater, actively engaging stakeholders in the decision-making process. In Honduras, the General Water Law (No. 181-2009) designates the Water Authority as responsible for creating incentives to encourage the implementation of wastewater recycle systems. This approach recognises the significance of providing incentives and support to promote sustainable wastewater practices. In Peru, the ProInnóvate National Programme for Technological Development and Innovation, established by Supreme Decree No. 009-2021-PRODUCE, focuses on enhancing the capacity of municipal officials with a specific emphasis on recycling wastewater. This programme addresses the need for skill development, technology adoption, and funding to support effective wastewater recycling initiatives.

Half of the surveyed countries implement standards and regulations to ensure the sustainable management of by-products like sludges and biosolids from wastewater treatment plants. These measures encompass criteria for their use, disposal, or elimination and the creation of databases to track these by-products. Argentina, through Resolution 410/2018, established national criteria for managing sludges and biosolids, allowing their use in afforestation, floriculture, landscape restoration, and more. The resolution also urges the creation of a database for these by-products. Chile set conditions under which sludge can be recovered and reused as compost in Decree 4 of 2009. Colombia’s Decree 1287 of 2014 sets criteria for using biosolids, while the National Development Plan 2022-2026 encourages alternatives for by-product recycling. In Costa Rica, the Integrated Waste Management Law and its Regulation address waste from water management, promoting reduction, reuse and recycling, and valorisation. Costa Rica’s Regulation for the Management and Final Disposition of Sludge and Biosolids focuses on responsible waste management and reducing the environmental footprint. In Paraguay, Law 5428 of 2015 establishes specific regulations or standards for the recycling of sewage effluent. Peru's Supreme Decree 015-2017-HOUSING regulates the reuse of sludge as biosolids in various activities, promoting their use in agriculture, industry, forestry and ceramics.

Countries are taking steps towards a comprehensive approach to energy generation and decarbonisation in the water and sanitation sector. In Chile, the water utility Aguas Andinas introduced bio-factories as a circular economy solution in 2017, transforming wastewater into electricity, natural gas, and fertiliser for agricultural purposes (Aguas Andinas, 2022[19]). Moreover, the 2030 Sanitation Agenda aims to reduce the carbon footprint of the sanitation sector and promote the circular economy in water resource management by 2030 (Government of Chile, 2023[20]). In Colombia, Law 2169 of 2021, the Climate Change Law, focuses on reducing greenhouse gas emissions by expanding the coverage of domestic wastewater management and utilising biogas in Wastewater Treatment Plants with anaerobic technologies. The 2022-2026 National Development Plan addresses the treatment of industrial wastewater to prevent methane emissions and meet the energy demand of wastewater treatment plants. Costa Rica's National Decarbonisation Plan from 2018 to 2050 underscores the importance of effective wastewater and liquid waste management and reuse as crucial components in driving emissions reduction efforts. In Paraguay, Law 5428 of 2015 establishes specific standards in the use of sewage for the generation of non-conventional energy under the responsibility of the Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development.

According to the OECD/IDB Survey, the three most prominent challenges to transition from a linear to a circular water economy (Figure 2.1) are regulatory gaps (50% of the surveyed countries), insufficient financial resources (40%), and institutional fragmentation (40%) (OECD, 2023[21]).

• Regulatory gaps. A lack of clear, supportive regulations can impede progress towards the circular water economy as existing regulatory frameworks may fall short in addressing the nuances of circular economy practices. Four countries – Argentina, Brazil, Costa Rica, and Mexico – reported that regulatory and policy gaps are the top challenge in implementing a circular water economy. Only half of the surveyed countries, including Argentina, Colombia, Costa Rica, Paraguay and Peru, implement standards and regulations to ensure the sustainable management of by-products like sludge and biosolids from wastewater treatment plants. On the other hand, four countries – Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica and Paraguay – are taking steps to a comprehensive approach towards energy generation and decarbonisation in the water and sanitation sector. Conflicting regulations may create additional roadblocks, hindering the seamless implementation of circular water initiatives. For example, in Peru, while the water and sanitation regulator SUNASS operates under a strategic plan that aims to optimise water usage and promote sustainability, significant challenges remain in translating these ambitions into practice. The lack of technical capacity, limited enforcement mechanisms, and insufficient integration with broader policies have hindered tangible progress in SUNASS prioritising circular economy principles within water and sanitation services.

• Insufficient funding and financial incentives. The successful transition to circular water management practices requires substantial upfront investments in new technologies, infrastructure upgrades, and comprehensive training programmes, amongst others. The lack of robust financial incentives or support from governmental and institutional bodies represent a barrier to the widespread adoption of circular economy initiatives in the water sector. Three of the ten surveyed countries – Chile, Colombia and Uruguay – reported the lack of financing or financial incentives as the main challenge in transitioning to a circular economy in the water sector. While half of the countries, namely Brazil, Costa Rica, Honduras, Peru and Uruguay, have economic incentives to encourage the reduction of water use, economic instruments are still needed to encourage the recycling of treated wastewater and the recirculation of by-products. Honduras stands out as the only country whose General Water Law promotes the creation of incentives to encourage the implementation of wastewater recycling systems.

• Institutional fragmentation. Overcoming hurdles in circular water management requires a holistic vision, currently jeopardised by institutional fragmentation within the water sector in the surveyed countries. A circular approach to water requires alignment with energy, waste, agriculture, and urban planning policies, among others. This requires establishing coordination mechanisms between departments and levels of government. None of the countries analysed have specific coordination mechanisms to advance the implementation of circular economy policies in the water sector. This is identified as the main challenge to advance in circularity in the water sector in Paraguay and Peru.

• Lack of awareness, education and data. A critical impediment to the widespread adoption of circular water management practices is the lack of awareness among key stakeholders, including industry and civil society. Among all the countries surveyed, Peru and Uruguay, through the ProInnóvate initiative and the National Circular Economy Strategy, respectively, stand out as the only countries that have developed actions for capacity building in the circular water economy. Addressing all dimensions of the circular water economy through public awareness actions and capacity building among practitioners and policy making is a key step in the transition. Civil society may not be familiar with the potential benefits and effective approaches associated with circular water management. Honduras identifies the lack of awareness as the main challenge towards a circular water economy in the country. Data collection and monitoring also remain insufficient in surveyed countries, particularly at the subnational level, further limiting effective implementation. For example, in Colombia, the Drinking Water and Sanitation Regulation Commission introduced performance indicators such as the Standard Billed Subscriber Loss Index2 which measures commercial and technical water losses and sets regulatory targets. However, compliance assessment reveals significant data gaps, with approximately 55% of large providers and 85% of medium-sized providers lacking sufficient data to evaluate compliance.

Building on the OECD Principles on Water Governance (Box 2.3), enhancing policy coherence and establishing clear roles and responsibilities emerged as the top governance dimensions to address in the context of circular water economy, highlighted by 9 and 8 out of 10 of the countries, respectively (Figure 2.2). Additionally, 7 out of 10 of surveyed countries highlighted regulatory frameworks and financing as relevant governance aspects.

[19] Aguas Andinas (2022), Report Integrado 2022, https://www.aguasandinasinversionistas.cl/~/media/Files/A/Aguas-IR-v2/2023/reporte/Reporte%20Integrado%20Aguas%20Andinas%202022%201.pdf.

[2] ARS (2019), Estrategia Nacional de Eocnomía Circular, http://ars.org.ar/destacados/estrategia-ancional-de-economia-circular/ (accessed on 18 December 2023).

[12] CDMX (2023), Ley de Economía Circular de la Ciudad de Mexico, https://plazapublica.cdmx.gob.mx/uploads/decidim/attachment/file/698/Ley_de_Econom%C3%ADa_Circular_de_la_Ciudad_de_M%C3%A9xico.pdf.

[3] City of Buenos Aires (2024), 2024-2028 Primera Estrategia de Economía Circular de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, https://buenosaires.gob.ar/sites/default/files/2024-08/Estrategia%20Economia%20Circular%202024-2028.pdf.

[5] Federal Senate of Brazil (2022), Projeto de Lei n° 1874, de 2022: Institui a Política Nacional de Economia Circular., https://www25.senado.leg.br/web/atividade/materias/-/materia/153918.

[6] Government of Brazil (2024), Estratégia Nacional de Economia Circular, https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2023-2026/2024/decreto/d12082.htm.

[20] Government of Chile (2023), Agenda Sanitario 2030, http://www.sectorsanitario2030.cl/.

[7] Government of Chile (2021), ROADMAP FOR A CIRCLAR CHILE BY 2040, https://economiacircular.mma.gob.cl/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/HOJA-DE-RUTA-PARA-UN-CHILE-CIRCULAR-AL-2040-EN.pdf.

[9] Government of Costa Rica (2023), Proyecto de Ley de la Economía Circular en Costa Rica, https://d1qqtien6gys07.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/23847.pdf (accessed on 8 November 2023).

[11] Government of Mexico (2024), Bases para la Elaboración de un Diagnóstico de la Estrategia Nacional de Economía Circular en México, https://www.gob.mx/semarnat/prensa/semarnat-presenta-las-bases-del-diagnostico-para-transitar-a-una-economia-circular.

[10] Government of Mexico (2023), Trabaja Semarnat en Estrategia Nacional de Economía Circular, https://www.gob.mx/semarnat/prensa/trabaja-semarnat-en-estrategia-nacional-de-economia-circular?idiom=es.

[15] Government of Peru (2023), Ministerio del Ambiente lanza oficialmente la Coalición Nacional de Economía Circular, https://www.gob.pe/institucion/minam/noticias/813231-ministerio-del-ambiente-lanza-oficialmente-la-coalicion-nacional-de-economia-circular.

[18] GPSDD (2023), Towards a Water Information System in Paraguay, https://www.data4sdgs.org/sites/default/files/file_uploads/Towards%20a%20Water%20Information%20System%20in%20Paraguay.pdf.

[4] MIDR (2021), Rota da Economia Circular, https://www.gov.br/mdr/pt-br/assuntos/desenvolvimento-regional/rotas-de-integracao-nacional/rota-da-economia-circular.

[16] MINAM (2023), Proyecto de Hoja de Ruta de Economía Circular al 2030, https://www.gob.pe/institucion/minam/normas-legales/4880223-351-2023-minam (accessed on 1 December 2023).

[14] MINAM (2021), Conoce los compromisos del Pacto Peruano por una Economía Circular, https://www.gob.pe/institucion/minam/noticias/509846-conoce-los-compromisos-del-pacto-peruano-por-una-economia-circular (accessed on 1 December 2023).

[8] Ministry of Environment (2019), Estrategia Nacional de Economía Circular, https://www.andi.com.co/Uploads/Estrategia%20Nacional%20de%20EconA%CC%83%C2%B3mia%20Circular-2019%20Final.pdf_637176135049017259.pdf.

[1] Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development (2021), Estrategia Nacional de Consumo y Producción Sostenibles, https://www.argentina.gob.ar/sites/default/files/encps_1.pdf.

[13] Ministry of Industry and Commerce (2024), Hoja de Ruta de la Economía Circular de Envases, https://www.mic.gov.py/hoja-de-ruta-de-la-economia-circular-de-envases-por-un-nuevo-modelo-de-produccion-y-consumo/.

[21] OECD (2023), OECD Survey on Water and Circular Economy in Selected Countries of Latin America and the Caribbean.

[17] OECD (2020), The Circular Economy in Cities and Regions: Synthesis Report, OECD Urban Studies, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/10ac6ae4-en.