Despite significant progress in preventing and treating cancer over the past decade, cancer remains one of the most significant public health challenges to health systems, economies, and societies worldwide. Not only does cancer cause one in four deaths in the OECD, directly affecting the lives of patients, families, and communities, but it also imposes a substantial economic burden. Across OECD countries, annual health expenditure is EUR 449 billion higher than if there were no cancer, and workforce output EUR 163 billion lower.

This report analyses the economic costs and societal impacts of cancer. Using advanced systems modelling covering 51 countries, including the OECD, EU and G20, the report offers insights into the health burden of cancer, its impact on people’s mental health and work life, healthcare expenditure, and other economic costs such as lost productivity. The report also examines the potential impact of cancer policies, highlighting co-benefits for the economy, the environment, and the society as a whole.

Both the economic and social toll of cancer will grow. For example, because the cancer risk increases with age, population ageing alone is projected to increase per capita healthcare expenditure on cancer by 67% on average across the OECD between 2023 and 2050. Spending will also continue to rise as new therapies become available. It is therefore imperative that policy makers adopt a proactive approach to cancer control and fight on all fronts. This includes actions to reduce the cancer burden by addressing key risk factors and vaccinating for human papillomavirus, combined with effective screening, diagnosis and treatment to improve the lives of people with cancer.

This publication is part of the OECD’s ongoing efforts to support countries in addressing major public health challenges. By providing evidence‑based analysis and policy recommendations, it aims to assist governments in reducing the burden of cancer, improving health outcomes, and fostering sustainable economic and social development.

Better cancer policies make for better lives – reducing human suffering, lowering healthcare expenditure, boosting economic productivity and improving societal well-being. This report provides governments with a strong case to invest in cancer, ensuring resilient health systems and healthier, more prosperous societies.