[14] Acemoglu, D. and P. Restrepo (2018), “The race between Man and machine: Implications of technology for growth, factor shares, and employment”, American Economic Review, Vol. 108/6, pp. 1488-1542, https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20160696.
[50] AI4Good Lab (2024), “About the Lab”, https://www.ai4goodlab.com (accessed on 8 April 2026).
[15] Autor, D. et al. (2022), New Frontiers: The Origins and Content of New Work, 1940–2018, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, http://www.nber.org/papers/w30389.
[12] Bianchini, M. and M. Lasheras Sancho (2025), “SME digitalisation for competitiveness: The 2025 OECD D4SME Survey”, OECD SME and Entrepreneurship Papers, No. 68, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/197e3077-en.
[26] Borgonovi, F. et al. (2023), “Emerging trends in AI skill demand across 14 OECD countries”, OECD Artificial Intelligence Papers, No. 2, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/7c691b9a-en.
[3] Brynjolfsson, E. (2017), Machine, Platform, Crowd: Harnessing Our Digital Future, W.W. Norton & Company.
[23] Burns, T. and F. Gottschalk (eds.) (2019), Educating 21st Century Children: Emotional Well-being in the Digital Age, Educational Research and Innovation, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/b7f33425-en.
[35] Caira, C., L. Russo and L. Aranda (2023), “Artificially inequitable? AI and closing the gender gap”, https://oecd.ai/en/wonk/closing-the-gender-gap (accessed on 10 April 2026).
[4] Calvino, F. and L. Fontanelli (2023), “A portrait of AI adopters across countries: Firm characteristics, assets’ complementarities and productivity”, OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers, No. 2023/02, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/0fb79bb9-en.
[1] Calvino, F., D. Haerle and S. Liu (2025), “Is generative AI a General Purpose Technology?: Implications for productivity and policy”, OECD Artificial Intelligence Papers, No. 40, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/704e2d12-en.
[9] Calvino, F., J. Reijerink and L. Samek (2025), “The effects of generative AI on productivity, innovation and entrepreneurship”, OECD Artificial Intelligence Papers, No. 39, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/b21df222-en.
[48] e-Estonia (2025), “Estonia’s groundbreaking national initiative: AI Leap programme to bring AI tools to all schools”, e-Estonia, https://e-estonia.com/estonia-announces-a-groundbreaking-national-initiative-ai-leap-programme-to-bring-ai-tools-to-all-schools (accessed on 26 February 2026).
[45] Federal Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs (2024), Gesetz zur Stärkung der Aus- und Weiterbildungsförderung, [Act to Strengthen the Promotion of Vocational Training and Skills], Germany, https://www.bmas.de/DE/Service/Gesetze-und-Gesetzesvorhaben/weiterbildungsgesetz.html.
[44] Federal Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs (2020), Arbeit-von-morgen-Gesetz, [Work of Tomorrow Act], Germany, https://www.bmas.de/DE/Service/Gesetze-und-Gesetzesvorhaben/arbeit-von-morgen-gesetz.
[43] Federal Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs (2019), Qualifizierungschancengesetz, [Qualification Opportunities Act], Germany, https://www.bmas.de/DE/Service/Gesetze-und-Gesetzesvorhaben/qualifizierungschancengesetz.html.
[33] Felten, E., M. Raj and R. Seamans (2021), “Occupational, industry, and geographic exposure to artificial intelligence: A novel dataset and its potential uses”, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 42/12, pp. 2195-2217, https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.3286.
[7] Fiegler-Rudol, J. et al. (2025), “Exploring human–AI dynamics in enhancing workplace health and safety: A narrative review”, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol. 22/199, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22020199.
[5] Filippucci, F. et al. (2024), “The impact of Artificial Intelligence on productivity, distribution and growth: Key mechanisms, initial evidence and policy challenges”, OECD Artificial Intelligence Papers, No. 15, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/8d900037-en.
[8] García-Madurga, M. et al. (2024), “The role of artificial intelligence in improving workplace well-being: A systematic review”, Businesses, Vol. 4/3, pp. 389-410, https://doi.org/10.3390/businesses4030024.
[32] Green, A. (2024), “Artificial intelligence and the changing demand for skills in the labour market”, OECD Artificial Intelligence Papers, No. 14, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/88684e36-en.
[28] Green, A. and L. Lamby (2023), “The supply, demand and characteristics of the AI workforce across OECD countries”, OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers, No. 287, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/bb17314a-en.
[6] Lalwani, M. (2025), “The impact of AI-powered predictive maintenance on manufacturing efficiency”, LinkedIn pulse, https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/impact-ai-powered-predictive-maintenance-efficiency-mahesh-lalwani-e6e6f (accessed on 15 April 2025).
[16] Lane, M. (2024), “Who will be the workers most affected by AI?: A closer look at the impact of AI on women, low-skilled workers and other groups”, OECD Artificial Intelligence Papers, No. 26, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/14dc6f89-en.
[13] Lane, M. and A. Saint-Martin (2021), “The impact of Artificial Intelligence on the labour market: What do we know so far?”, OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers, No. 256, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/7c895724-en.
[18] Lassébie, J. and G. Quintini (2022), “What skills and abilities can automation technologies replicate and what does it mean for workers?: New evidence”, OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers, No. 282, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/646aad77-en.
[30] LinkedIn News (2025), “LinkedIn jobs on the rise 2025: The 25 fastest-growing jobs in the U.S.”, https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/linkedin-jobs-rise-2025-25-fastest-growing-us-linkedin-news-gryie (accessed on 7 April 2026).
[46] Long, D. and B. Magerko (2020), “What is AI literacy? Competencies and design considerations”, Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1-16, https://doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376727.
[34] Milanez, A., A. Lemmens and C. Ruggiu (2025), “Algorithmic management in the workplace: New evidence from an OECD employer survey”, OECD Artificial Intelligence Papers, No. 31, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/287c13c4-en.
[39] Ministry of Education (2024), “Helping adults aged 30 and over strengthen their digital capabilities! The AID 30+ Project”, https://blog.naver.com/moeblog/223700218605 (accessed on 14 October 2025).
[10] OECD (2026), ICT Access and Usage, (datasets), https://oe.cd/dx/ict-access-usage (accessed on 15 June 2026).
[11] OECD (2025), Generative AI and the SME Workforce: New Survey Evidence, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/2d08b99d-en.
[31] OECD (2025), “Live data: AI jobs and skills”, OECD AI Policy Platform, https://oecd.ai (accessed on 16 June 2025).
[49] OECD (2025), “Place-based policies for displaced workers: Lessons from past economic disruptions”, OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Papers, No. 2025/04, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/69b86784-en.
[38] OECD (2025), Trends in Adult Learning: New Data from the 2023 Survey of Adult Skills, Getting Skills Right, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/ec0624a6-en.
[21] OECD (2024), Do Adults Have the Skills They Need to Thrive in a Changing World?: Survey of Adult Skills 2023, OECD Skills Studies, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/b263dc5d-en.
[51] OECD (2024), “Explanatory memorandum on the updated OECD definition of an AI system”, OECD Artificial Intelligence Papers, No. 8, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/623da898-en.
[36] OECD (2024), “Fostering an inclusive digital transformation as AI spreads among firms”, OECD Policy Briefs, No. 8, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/5876200c-en.
[17] OECD (2024), Job Creation and Local Economic Development 2024: The Geography of Generative AI, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/83325127-en.
[29] OECD (2024), OECD Digital Economy Outlook 2024 (Volume 1): Embracing the Technology Frontier, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/a1689dc5-en.
[19] OECD (2024), OECD Digital Economy Outlook 2024 (Volume 2): Strengthening Connectivity, Innovation and Trust, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/3adf705b-en.
[37] OECD (2024), Training Supply for the Green and AI Transitions: Equipping Workers with the Right Skills, Getting Skills Right, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/7600d16d-en.
[40] OECD (2023), “Flexible adult learning provision: What it is, why it matters, and how to make it work”, OECD, Paris, https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/topics/policy-sub-issues/adult-learning/booklet-flexibility-2023.pdf.
[2] OECD (2023), OECD Employment Outlook 2023: Artificial Intelligence and the Labour Market, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/08785bba-en.
[42] OECD (2023), “Recognition of prior learning: A practical guide for policy makers”, OECD, Paris, https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/topics/policy-sub-issues/adult-learning/booklet-rpl-2023.pdf.
[24] OECD (2022), “The broader social outcomes of education: Educating for thriving individuals and societies”, in Value for Money in School Education: Smart Investments, Quality Outcomes, Equal Opportunities, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/20abef3a-en.
[27] OECD (2019), “Conceptual learning framework: Skills for 2030”, Future of Education and Skills 2030, https://www.oecd.org/en/about/projects/future-of-education-and-skills-2030.html (accessed on 8 April 2026).
[41] OECD (2019), “Getting skills right: Engaging low-skilled adults in learning”, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/25206125.
[20] OECD (2019), Going Digital: Shaping Policies, Improving Lives, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264312012-en.
[22] OECD (2013), OECD Skills Outlook 2013: First Results from the Survey of Adult Skills, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264204256-en.
[25] Samek, L., M. Squicciarini and E. Cammeraat (2021), “The human capital behind AI: Jobs and skills demand from online job postings”, OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers, No. 120, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/2e278150-en.
[47] Schleicher, A. (2025), “New AI literacy framework to equip youth in an age of AI”, https://oecdedutoday.com/new-ai-literacy-framework-to-equip-youth-in-an-age-of-ai (accessed on 12 October 2025).