This report presents the conceptual foundations of the OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), now in its ninth cycle of comprehensive and rigorous international surveys of student knowledge and skills that are essential for full participation in modern societies. As in previous cycles, the PISA 2025 assessment covered reading, mathematics and science, this time with a major focus on science. For the first time, PISA 2025 also assessed Learning in the Digital World as an innovative domain and included an optional assessment of English as a foreign language focused on reading, speaking and listening skills. This report includes the frameworks for assessing science and the innovative domain of Learning in the Digital World. These chapters describe the content knowledge and skills that students need to acquire in each domain, how each domain is assessed, and the context in which this knowledge and these skills are applied. The report also outlines the framework for the questionnaires distributed to students and schools. It concludes with references to the most recent frameworks for mathematics, reading and foreign language assessment.
