OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Sweden 2025

PEOPLE AND SOCIETY

Population (million)

10.5

Population density per km²

20

(37)

Share of population by type of region:

Population compound annual growth rate, latest 5 years

0.7

(0.6)

Predominantly urban (%)

40

(49)

Income inequality (Gini coefficient)

0.29

(0.32)

Intermediate (%)

51

(28)

Poverty rate (% of pop. with less than 50% median income)

8

(12)

Rural (%)

9

(23)

Life expectancy

83

(81)

ECONOMY AND EXTERNAL ACCOUNTS

Total GDP (National currency, billion)

6 208

Imports of goods and services (% of GDP)

51

(31)

Total GDP (USD, billion, current prices and PPPs)

729

Main exports (% of total merchandise exports)

GDP compound annual real growth rate, latest 5 years

1.5

(1.6)

Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and mechanical appliances

15

GDP per capita (1 000 USD current PPPs)

69

(59)

Vehicles other than railway or tramway rolling stock, and parts and accessories

14

Value added shares (%)

Electrical machinery and equipment

9

Agriculture

1

(3)

Main imports (% of total merchandise imports)

Industry including construction

26

(27)

Electrical machinery and equipment

13

Services

73

(70)

Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and mechanical appliances

12

Exports of goods and services (% of GDP)

55

(31)

Vehicles other than railway or tramway rolling stock, and parts and accessories

11

GENERAL GOVERNMENT

Percentage of GDP

Expenditure

48

(43)

Education expenditure

7

(5)

Revenue

47

(34)

Health expenditure

7

(7)

Gross financial debt

41

(109)

Environment protection expenditure

0.6

(0.7)

Fiscal balance

-0.6

(-3.4)

Environmental taxes: (% of GDP)

1.6

(1.3)

(% of total tax revenue)

3.8

(3.9)

LABOUR MARKET, SKILLS AND INNOVATION

Unemployment rate (% of civilian labour force)

7.6

(4.8)

Patent applications in environment-related technologies (% of all technologies, average of latest 3 years ^b

14

(11)

Tertiary educational attainment of 25-64 year-olds (%)

49

(40)

Environmental management

4

(3)

Gross expenditure on R&D, % of GDP

3.4

(2.7)

Climate change mitigation technologies

13

(11)

Climate change adaptation technologies

2

(1)

ENVIRONMENT

Energy intensity: TES per capita (toe/cap.)

4.3

(3.7)

Passenger cars stock (vehicles/100 inhabitants)

48

(49)

TES per GDP (toe/1 000 USD, 2015 PPPs)

0.08

(0.08)

Water stress (abstraction as % of available sources)

1

(9)

Renewables (% of TES)

49

(13)

Water abstraction per capita (m3/cap./year)

240

(690)

Carbon intensity (energy-related CO₂):

Municipal waste per capita, (kg/capita)

395

(531)

Emissions per capita (t/cap.)

3.1

(7.5)

Material productivity (USD, 2015 PPPs/DMC, kg)

2.2

2.5

Emissions per GDP (t/1 000 USD, 2015 PPP)

0.06

(0.17)

Land area (1 000 km²)

407

GHG intensity: ^c

% of arable land and permanent crops

6

(11)

Emissions per capita (t/cap.)

4.3

(10.7)

% of permanent meadows and pastures

1

(23)

Emissions per GDP (t/1 000 USD, 2015 PPP)

0.08

(0.24)

% of forest area

69

(33)

Mean population exposure to air pollution (PM_2.5), µg/m³

6

(12)

% of other land (built-up and other land)

24

(33)