OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Japan 2025

PEOPLE AND SOCIETY

Population (million)

124

Population density per km²

329

(37)

Share of population by type of region:

Population compound annual growth rate, latest 5 years

-0.4

(0.6)

Predominantly urban (%)

58

(49)

Income inequality (Gini coefficient)

0.34

(0.32)

Intermediate (%)

31

(28)

Poverty rate (% of pop. with less than 50% median income)

15

(12)

Rural (%)

11

(23)

Life expectancy

84

(81)

ECONOMY AND EXTERNAL ACCOUNTS

Total GDP (National currency, trillion)

591.9

Imports of goods and services (% of GDP)

25

(31)

Total GDP (USD, billion, current prices and PPP)

Main exports (% of total merchandise exports)

GDP compound annual real growth rate, latest 5 years

0.1

(1.6)

Machinery and electronics

32

GDP per capita (1 000 USD current PPP)

50

(59)

Transportation

24

Value added shares (%)

Miscellaneous

14

Agriculture

1

(3)

Main imports (% of total merchandise imports)

Industry including construction

27

(27)

Fuels

26

Services

72

(70)

Machinery and electronics

25

Exports of goods and services (% of GDP)

22

(31)

Chemicals and related products

10

GENERAL GOVERNMENT

Percentage of GDP

Expenditure

44

(43)

Education expenditure

4

(5)

Revenue

34

(34)

Health expenditure

9

(7)

Gross financial debt

243

(109)

Environment protection expenditure

1.1

(0.7)

Fiscal balance

-3

-(3)

Environmental taxes: (% of GDP)

1.2

(1.3)

(% of total tax revenue)

3.6

(4.0)

LABOUR MARKET, SKILLS AND INNOVATION

Unemployment rate (% of civilian labour force)

2.6

(4.8)

Patent applications in environment-related technologies

(% of all technologies, average of latest 3 years) ^b

12

(11)

Tertiary educational attainment of 25-64 year-olds (%)

56

(40)

Environmental management

3

(3)

Gross expenditure on R&D, % of GDP

3.3

(2.7)

Climate change mitigation technologies

10

(11)

Climate change adaptation technologies

1

(1)

ENVIRONMENT

Energy intensity: TES per capita (toe/cap.)

3.0

(3.7)

Passenger cars stock (vehicles/100 inhabitants)

50

(49) 

TES per GDP (toe/1 000 USD, 2015 PPP)

0.07

(0.08)

Water stress (abstraction as % of available resources)

19

(9)

Renewables (% of TES)

8

(13)

Water abstraction per capita (m³/cap./year)

620

(690)

Carbon intensity (energy-related CO₂):

Municipal waste per capita, (kg/capita)

326

(531)

Emissions per capita (t/cap.)

7.4

(7.5)

Material productivity (USD, 2015 PPP/DMC, kg)

3.9

(2.5)

Emissions per GDP (t/1 000 USD, 2015 PPP)

0.17

(0.17)

Land area (1 000 km²)

364

GHG intensity: ^c

% of arable land and permanent crops

12

(11)

Emissions per capita (t/cap.)

9.1

(10.7)

% of permanent meadows and pastures

1

(23)

Emissions per GDP (t/1 000 USD, 2015 PPP)

0.22

(0.24)

% of forest area

68

(33)

Mean population exposure to air pollution (PM_2.5), µg/m³

13

(12)

% of other land (built-up and other land)

19

(33)