This report was prepared by Anja Meierkord and Marco Paccagnella from the Directorate for Education and Skills, under the supervision of Claudia Tamassia, Senior Project Manager of PIAAC. François Keslair provided statistical and analytical support, and Jonathan Diaz contributed analytical inputs. The authors benefited from valuable comments from OECD colleagues, including Francesca Borgonovi, Patricia Navarro-Palau, Glenda Quintini, and Roland Tusz.
The report was developed as part of the work programme of the Board of Participating Countries (BPC) of the OECD Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC). The authors are grateful to BPC delegates for their guidance and feedback throughout. Their strategic oversight and continued commitment to ensuring that PIAAC evidence informs policy are reflected in this report.