This chapter starts with a broad indicator of avoidable mortality, providing a general assessment of the effectiveness of public health and health care systems in reducing premature deaths. In 2017, more than 1 million people in EU countries died prematurely from diseases and injuries that could potentially have been avoided through more effective public health policies or health care. The main causes of avoidable mortality include ischaemic heart diseases, lung cancer and accidents. Vaccination rates among children and older people have decreased in several countries in recent years following anti-vaccination campaigns and a belief that vaccination might not be needed. It is important to tackle vaccine hesitancy and improve vaccination coverage to reduce the spread of communicable diseases that can be effectively prevented through vaccines and the burden on health systems. Progress has been made in tackling cancer in many countries through the implementation of population-based screening programmes to detect cancer earlier and the provision of effective and timely cancer care. These efforts have led to increased survival following diagnosis and reduced mortality from cancer in most countries, yet wide disparities in cancer care persist across countries. Promoting more patient-centred care has become a growing priority across EU countries in recent years to improve the quality of care and responsiveness to patients’ expectations. Based on surveys seeking patient-reported experience measures (PREMs), citizens in most countries rate the quality of primary care high. These survey results signal clearly the importance of good provider/patient communication and patient involvement in care and treatment decisions.