Spain

The Research and Innovation Careers Observatory (ReICO) country dashboard offers a snapshot of the people who drive research and innovation (R&I) and their careers. ReICO indicators are organised around three themes: talent development - who has the capacity to contribute to R&I, and how that capability is built; the labour market - where R&I talent is employed, and the conditions and rewards of their careers; and talent circulation - how R&I talent moves across borders, sectors, and disciplines. 

• Gabriele BALLARINO and Stefano CANTALINI (2025), The PhD Premium: Diverging Occupational Returns to the PhD Credential in 20 European Countries, article number 2.
• Javier ARAMAYONA et al. (2023), La desafección por la carrera investigadora en matemáticas: Diferencias entre hombres y mujeres. [Disaffection with the Research Career in Mathematics: Differences Between Men and Women], pp 63-86.
• Laura CRUZ-CASTRO et al. (2023), La promoción interna en las escalas científicas en el CSIC (OEP 2016-2020): diferencias por sexo [Internal Promotion in Scientific Career Tracks at CSIC (OEP 2016–2020): Gender Differences], CSIC – Instituto de Políticas y Bienes Públicos (IPP), http://hdl.handle.net/10261/342260.
• Laura CRUZ-CASTRO; Luis SANZ-MENÉNDEZ (2023), Gender bias in funding evaluation: A randomized experiment, pp 594-621.
• Laura CRUZ-CASTRO; Donna K. GINTHER; Luis SANZ-MENÉNDEZ (2023), Gender and Underrepresented Minority Differences in Research Funding, Handbook of Public Research Funding, Edward Elgar Chapter 17.
• Subdirección General de Ordenación (2019), Inserción laboral de los egresados universitarios Curso 2013-14 (análisis hasta 2018) [Labour Market Entry of University Graduates of Academic Year 2013–14 (Analysis up to 2018)], Innovación y Universidades, https://www.ciencia.gob.es/InfoGeneralPortal/detalle-publicacion/AGE/Insercion-laboral-de-los-egresados-universitarios.html.
• Luis SANZ MENÉNDEZ; Laura CRUZ CASTRO (2018), University academics' preferences for hiring and promotion systems, pp 153-171.
• Laura CRUZ-CASTRO; Koen JONKERS; Luis SANZ-MENÉNDEZ (2016), International mobility of Spanish Doctorate holders, The Science and Technology Labor Force, Springer pp 171-182.
• Catalina MARTÍNEZ; Laura CRUZ-CASTRO; Luis SANZ-MENÉNDEZ (2016), Innovation capabilities in the private sector: evaluating subsidies for hiring S&T workers in Spain, pp 196-208.
• Instituto de Políticas y Bienes Públicos (IPP), STEM Doctoral graduates and inventive activities in four European countries (DOC-TRACK), last accessed 16 June 2026.