Policy Instruments for the Environment (PINE) Database

The OECD started building the PINE database in the 1990s, initially with a limited policy scope. Today, the database includes information on taxes and fees, subsidies, tradable permits and offsets, deposit-refund schemes and voluntary approaches relevant to 22 environmental domains. The information in the PINE database is collected via a network of country experts (including government agencies, research institutes and international organisations). Country experts update and validate the data once per year through a password-protected interface. The OECD Secretariat then harmonises and publishes the data in consultation with countries.

The database contains structured and harmonised data. For each instrument, the following information is collected:

• when it was introduced
• what it applies to
• the geographical coverage
• the relevant environmental domains
• the industries concerned
• revenue, cost, rates, exemptions, etc.

The PINE database systematically tracks economic instruments relevant to biodiversity, including payments for ecosystem services (PES) and biodiversity offsets. As of 2024, the database covers 51 PES schemes across 28 countries and 17 biodiversity offset programmes across 9 countries.

The data and indicators from the OECD PINE database are used to monitor progress on Target 18 on Positive Incentives and Target 19 on Resource Mobilisation for biodiversity conservation for the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KMGBF).

• Environmentally related tax revenue statistics dataset
  
• Environmentally related tax revenue accounts dataset
• Climate actions and policies measurement framework database
• Sustainable ocean economy database
• Environment at a Glance dashboard

All countries are welcome to contribute to the database. Government ministries or agencies, research institutes, and international organisations are welcome to join the network of PINE country experts.

Policy instruments implemented by all branches of government can be integrated into PINE insofar they are of environmental relevance.

Join the network of country experts by writing to pinedatabase@oecd.org.