Gender in a changing context for STI

The under-representation of women in certain areas of science, technology and innovation (STI) has long been a concern. As the benefits of diversity in STI – both in terms of research excellence and relevance – become clearer, most countries are implementing policies to try to address gender equity. However, issues such as gender stereotypes and evaluation bias are embedded in research systems, and are resistant to simple interventions. This chapter begins by looking at the key issues affecting gender equity in science at different life stages. It starts with gender stereotypes that influence educational choices and career expectations in early childhood. It follows with a discussion of undergraduate and graduate education, as well as gender issues in research careers and the research system. It then considers the changing context for STI, and how this increases the emphasis on diversity. Finally, it lays out a future vision for a more diverse and productive scientific enterprise. While acknowledging that most countries have included gender diversity as one of the key objectives in their national STI plans, the chapter argues that policy initiatives remain fragmented. A more strategic and systemic long-term policy approach is necessary.